New York City

=== Late 20th and early 21st centuries ===
{{Main|History of New York City (1978–present)|September 11 attacks}}
[[File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg|alt=A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.|thumb|[[Stonewall Inn]] in [[Greenwich Village]], the site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] and the cradle of the modern [[gay rights|LGBTQ+ rights]] movement.<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1">{{cite web |first = Julia |last = Goicichea |date = August 16, 2017 |title = Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url = https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |access-date = February 2, 2019 |publisher = The Culture Trip }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |url = http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |access-date = May 1, 2011 |publisher = [[National Park Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first = Eli |last = Rosenberg |date = June 24, 2016 |title = Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |newspaper = [[The New York Times]] |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html |access-date = June 25, 2016 }}</ref>]]

In 1969, the [[Stonewall riots]] were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the [[LGBT community|gay community]] against a [[police raid]] that took place in the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the [[Stonewall Inn]] in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.<ref name="Murphy2013">{{cite book |first = Timothy |last = Murphy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FeWMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA572 |title = Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies |publisher = [[Routledge]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-135-94234-2 |page = 572 }}</ref> They are widely considered to be the single most important event leading to the [[gay liberation]] movement<ref name="GayGreenwichVillage1" /><ref name="KentuckyStonewall">{{cite web |title = Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S. |url = http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm |access-date = September 2, 2017 |publisher = [[University of Kentucky]] |archive-date = November 18, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191118054142/http://www.uky.edu/~lbarr2/gws250spring11_files/Page1186.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="PinkNewsStonewall">{{cite web |first = Nell |last = Frizzell |date = June 28, 2013 |title = Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement |url = http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/06/28/feature-how-the-stonewall-riots-started-the-gay-rights-movement/ |access-date = August 31, 2017 |publisher = [[PinkNews]] }}</ref><ref name="EncycloStonewall">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots |title = Stonewall riots |encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date = August 31, 2017 }}</ref> and the modern fight for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref name="NPSStonewall">{{cite web |date = June 2016 |title = Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument |url = https://www.nps.gov/places/stonewall.htm |access-date = August 31, 2017 |publisher = [[National Park Service]]}}</ref><ref name="ObamaStonewall">{{cite web |title = Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots |url = http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530065722/http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html |date = January 21, 2013 |archive-date = May 30, 2013 |access-date = July 2, 2013 |publisher = [[North Jersey Media Group]] }}</ref> [[Wayne R. Dynes]], author of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Homosexuality]]'', wrote that [[drag queen]]s were the only "[[transgender]] folks around" during the June 1969 Stonewall riots. The transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter.<ref name="TransEqualityNYC">{{cite web |first = Cristan |last = Williams |date = January 25, 2013 |title = So, what was Stonewall? |url = http://transadvocate.com/so-what-was-stonewall_n_8424.htm |access-date = March 28, 2017 |publisher = The TransAdvocate }}</ref>

[[File:Ford to City.PNG|thumb|right|October 1975 ''[[New York Daily News]]'' front page on President Ford's refusal to help the city avert bankruptcy|upright]]
In the 1970s, job losses due to [[Deindustrialization|industrial restructuring]] caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<ref>{{cite web |last = Tannenbaum |first = Allan |title = New York in the 70s: A Remembrance |url = http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html |date = February 2004 |access-date = December 18, 2011 |publisher = [[The Digital Journalist]] |archive-date = March 20, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194616/http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> Growing fiscal deficits in 1975 led the city to appeal to the federal government for financial aid; President [[Gerald Ford]] gave a speech denying the request, which was paraphrased on the front page of the next day's issue of the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' as "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."<ref>[[Sam Roberts (journalist)|Roberts, Sam]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html "Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 28, 2006. Accessed February 20, 2024. "Mr. Ford, on Oct. 29, 1975, gave a speech denying federal assistance to spare New York from bankruptcy. The front page of The Daily News the next day read: "FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD."... Moreover, the speech spurred New York's civic, business and labor leaders to rally bankers in the United States and abroad, who feared their own investments would be harmed if New York defaulted on its debt."</ref> The [[Municipal Assistance Corporation]] was formed and granted oversight authority over the city's finances.<ref>Chan, Sewell. [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/nyregion/felix-rohatyn-dead.html "Felix G. Rohatyn, Financier Who Piloted New York’s Rescue, Dies at 91"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 14, 2019. Accessed February 20, 2024. "For nearly two decades, from 1975 to 1993, as chairman of the state-appointed Municipal Assistance Corporation, Mr. Rohatyn had a say, often the final one, over taxes and spending in the nation's largest city, a degree of influence for an unelected official that rankled some critics. His efforts to meld private profit with the public good defined him: In the perception of many his name was synonymous with two institutions — the M.A.C., which was hastily created in 1975 to save the city from insolvency, and Lazard (formerly Lazard Frères), the storied investment firm that started as a dry-goods business in New Orleans in 1848."</ref> While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |last = Effgen |first = Christopher |date = September 11, 2001 |title = New York Crime Rates 1960–2009 |url = http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |access-date = October 28, 2010 |publisher = Disastercenter.com }}</ref>

By the mid-1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, [[gentrification]], and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} New York City's population exceeded 8 million for the first time in the [[2000 United States census]], breaking the previous peak census population set in the [[1970 United States census|1970 census]];<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/planning-level/nyc-population/census-summary-2000.page Population - Decennial Census - Census 2000], [[New York City Department of City Planning]]. Accessed January 27, 2024. "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of New York City as of April 1, 2000, was 8,008,278, the largest enumerated census population in the city's history. The previous peak was in 1970, when the enumerated population stood at 7,894,862."</ref> further records were set in [[2010 United States census|2010]], and [[2020 United States census|2020]] U.S. censuses.<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/planning-level/nyc-population/nyc-population.page Population], [[New York City Department of City Planning]]. Accessed January 27, 2024. "The enumerated population of New York City’s was 8,804,190 as of April 1, 2020, a record high population. This is an increase of 629,057 people since the 2010 Census."</ref> Important new sectors, such as [[Silicon Alley]], emerged in the city's economy.<ref name="Waller2013">{{cite book |first = Irvin |last = Waller |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qQPGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |title = Smarter Crime Control |publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-4422-2170-3 |page = 38 }}</ref>

[[File:Explosion following the plane impact into the South Tower (WTC 2) - B6019~11.jpg|thumb|The [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], in [[Lower Manhattan]], during the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001]]

The advent of [[2000|Y2K]] was celebrated with fanfare in [[Times Square]].<ref name=NYC-Y2K>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/02/nyregion/year-2000-overview-2000-draws-rave-reviews-after-opening-night-night-jitters.html|title=THE YEAR 2000: THE OVERVIEW; 2000 Draws Rave Reviews After Opening Night Night Jitters|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 6, 2000|access-date=October 28, 2023}}</ref> New York City suffered the bulk of the [[Economic effects of the September 11 attacks#New York City|economic damage]] and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref name="Dieterle2017">{{cite book |first = David A. |last = Dieterle |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LmphDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396 |title = Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice [4 volumes] |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]] |year = 2017 |isbn = 978-0-313-39708-0 |page = 396 }}</ref> Two of the four airliners hijacked that day were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, resulting in the collapse of both buildings and the deaths of 2,753 people, including 343 first responders from the [[New York City Fire Department]] and 71 law enforcement officers.<ref>Nelson, Joshua Q. [https://www.foxnews.com/media/former-fdny-commissioner-firefighters-9-11 "Former FDNY commissioner on losing 343 firefighters on 9/11: 'We had the best fire chiefs in the world'"], ''[[Fox News]]'', September 11, 2021. Accessed January 30, 2024. "Of the 2,753 people killed at the World Trade Center, 343 were first responders from the Fire Department of New York, while another 71 were law enforcement officers from 10 different agencies."</ref> The North Tower became, and remains, the tallest building to ever be destroyed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

[[World Trade Center site#Planning for the new World Trade Center|The area was rebuilt]] with a [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|new World Trade Center]], the [[National September 11 Memorial and Museum]], and other new buildings and infrastructure,<ref name="Greenspan2013">{{cite book |first = Elizabeth |last = Greenspan |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DMHzmpTK5rYC&pg=PA152 |title = Battle for Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center |publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]/[[Harvard University]] |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-137-36547-7 |page = 152 }}</ref> including the [[World Trade Center Transportation Hub]], the city's third-largest hub.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/transportation-hub.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103164156/https://old.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/transportation-hub.html |title = World Trade Center Transportation Hub |publisher = [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |access-date = February 9, 2017 |archive-date = January 3, 2020 |quote = The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third-largest transportation center in New York City. |url-status = dead }}</ref> The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere<ref name="OneWTCtallest">{{cite news |last1 = Hetter |first1 = Katia |last2 = Boyette |first2 = Chris |date = November 12, 2013 |title = It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper |publisher = [[CNN]] |url = http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/travel/one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |access-date = March 1, 2014 }}</ref> and the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]] by [[pinnacle]] height, with its [[spire]] reaching a symbolic {{convert|1776|ft|m|1}}, a reference to the year of [[United States Declaration of Independence|U.S. independence]].<ref>{{cite web |title = New York City Skyscraper Diagram |url = http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?cityID=8 |access-date = January 22, 2013 |website = [[SkyscraperPage.com]] |publisher = Skyscraper Source Media }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = One World Trade Center |url = http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7788 |access-date = February 9, 2017 |website = [[SkyscraperPage.com]] |publisher = Skyscraper Source Media |quote = The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Lesser |first = Benjamin |date = April 30, 2012 |title = It's official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York's tallest skyscraper |url = https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/real-estate/official-1-wtc-new-york-new-tallest-building-article-1.1069925 |access-date = January 22, 2013 |work = [[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location = New York }}</ref>

The [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests in [[Zuccotti Park]] in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and popularizing the [[Occupy movement]] against [[Social inequality|social]] and [[economic inequality]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |first = Joe |last = Nocera |author-link = Joe Nocera |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/opinion/nocera-two-days-in-september.html |title = Two Days in September |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 14, 2012 |access-date = May 6, 2017 |quote = On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country. The movement's primary issue was income inequality—"We are the 99 percent", they used to chant. }}</ref>

New York City was [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York|heavily affected]] by [[Hurricane Sandy]] in late October 2012. Sandy's impacts included flooding that led to the days-long shutdown of the subway system<ref>Flegenheimer, Matt. [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/31/nyregion/subways-may-be-shut-for-several-days-after-hurricane-sandy.html "Flooded Tunnels May Keep City's Subway Network Closed for Several Days"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 30, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "As the remnants of Hurricane Sandy left the city on Tuesday, transit officials surveyed the damage to the system, which they shut down on Sunday night as a precaution. What they found was an unprecedented assault: flooded tunnels, battered stations and switches and signals likely damaged."</ref> and flooding of all [[East River]] subway tunnels and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the [[Lincoln Tunnel]].<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg81827/html/CHRG-112shrg81827.htm ''Superstorm Sandy: The Devastating Impact On The Nation's Largest Transportation Systems''], [[United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, Maritime, Freight, and Ports]], December 6, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "The most damaging impact of the storm, from a transportation standpoint, was on the highway, transit, and rail tunnels in and out of Manhattan. All seven of the subway tunnels under the East River flooded, as did the Hudson River subway tunnel, the East River and Hudson River commuter rail tunnels, and the subway tunnels in lower Manhattan. Three of the four highway tunnels into Manhattan flooded, leaving only the Lincoln Tunnel open. While some subway service was restored three days after the storm, the PATH train service to the World Trade Center was only restored on November 26, four weeks after the storm, and subway service between the Rockaway peninsula and Howard Beach is not expected to be re-opened for months."</ref> The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days due to weather for the first time since the [[Great Blizzard of 1888]].<ref>Strasburg, Jenny; Cheng, Jonathan; and Bunge, Jacob. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204789304578087131092892180 "Behind Decision to Close Markets"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', October 29, 2012. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Superstorm Sandy forced regulators and exchange operators to keep U.S. stock markets closed Tuesday, in the first weather-related shutdown to last more than one day since the Blizzard of 1888. The decision to close the New York Stock Exchange and other U.S. equity markets for a second straight day—reached by midafternoon Monday—renewed questions about the industry's disaster preparedness."</ref> At least 43 people died in New York City as a result of Sandy, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-13/nyc-still-vulnerable-to-hurricanes-10-years-after-sandy "NYC Still Vulnerable to Hurricanes 10 Years After Sandy"], ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'', October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Hurricane Sandy swept through New York City in October 2012, leading to 43 deaths and an estimated $19 billion in damages.... New York needs to step up its efforts and spend the $15 billion in federal grants that it received for recovery efforts, a new report by New York City Comptroller Brad Lander released on Thursday said."</ref> The disaster spawned long-term efforts towards infrastructural projects to counter [[climate change]] and rising seas, with $15&nbsp;billion in federal funding received through 2022 towards those resiliency efforts.<ref name=ClimateResiliency2/><ref>[https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/ten-years-after-sandy/ ''Ten Years After Sandy; Barriers to Resilience''], [[New York City Comptroller]] [[Brad Lander]], October 13, 2022. Accessed January 15, 2024. "Of the $15 billion of federal grants appropriated for Sandy recovery and resilience, the City has spent $11 billion, or 73%, as of June 2022."</ref>

In March 2020, the first case of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] in the city was confirmed in Manhattan.<ref>{{Cite news |last = West |first = Melanie Grayce |date = March 1, 2020 |title = First Case of Coronavirus Confirmed in New York State |language = en-US |work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/first-case-of-coronavirus-confirmed-in-new-york-state-11583111692 |access-date = July 10, 2020 |issn = 0099-9660 }}</ref> With its great population density and its exposure to global travelers, the city rapidly replaced [[Wuhan]], [[China]], to become the global epicenter of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|pandemic]] during the early phase, straining the city's healthcare infrastructure.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9322893/ "When New York City was the COVID-19 pandemic epicenter: The impact on trauma care"], ''[[The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery]]'', August 2022. Accessed January 13, 2024. "During early spring 2020, New York City (NYC) rapidly became the first US epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic."</ref><ref>Robinson, David. [https://www.lohud.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/03/27/how-new-york-city-became-coronavirus-pandemic-epicenter-what-know/2924735001/ "COVID-19: How New York City became epicenter of coronavirus pandemic, what that means"], ''[[The Journal News]]'', March 27, 2020. Accessed January 13, 2024. "New York City's rise this month to become the new coronavirus pandemic's epicenter has far-reaching implications for communities statewide. Most pressing, the rapidly spreading virus that originated in Wuhan, China, threatens to overwhelm New York state's entire medical system, prompting a dire push for thousands of new hospital beds to treat infected New Yorkers. Further, the outbreak, which topped 44,600 confirmed cases statewide as of Friday, including 23,000 in New York City alone, is also devastating the entire state's economy and draining government coffers at all levels.... Why New York City's density, tourism made it vulnerable to coronavirus"</ref> Through March 2023, New York City had recorded [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|more than 80,000 deaths]] from COVID-19-related complications.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/new-york-covid-cases.html "Tracking Coronavirus in New York: Latest Map and Case Count"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 23, 2023. Accessed January 13, 2024 "Since the beginning of the pandemic, a total of 6,805,271 cases have been reported. At least 1 in 243 residents have died from the coronavirus, a total of 80,109 deaths."</ref>