Feminism

=== Decolonial feminism ===
Decolonial feminism reformulates the [[coloniality of gender]] by critiquing the very formation of gender and its subsequent formations of [[patriarchy]] and the [[gender binary]], not as universal constants across cultures, but as structures that have been instituted by and for the benefit of [[European colonialism]]. [[Maria Lugones|Marìa Lugones]] proposes that decolonial feminism speaks to how "the colonial imposition of gender cuts across questions of ecology, economics, government, relations with the spirit world, and knowledge, as well as across everyday practices that either habituate us to take care of the world or to destroy it." Decolonial feminists like [[Karla Jessen Williamson]] and Rauna Kuokkanen have examined colonialism as a force that has imposed [[Gender hierarchy|gender hierarchies]] on Indigenous women that have disempowered and fractured Indigenous communities and ways of life.

==== Postfeminism ====
{{main|Postfeminism}}
The term [[postfeminism]] is used to describe a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism since the 1980s. While not being "anti-feminist", postfeminists believe that women have achieved second wave goals while being critical of third- and fourth-wave feminist goals. The term was first used to describe a backlash against second-wave feminism, but it is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave's ideas.<ref name=Wright2000>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Elizabeth |title=Lacan and Postfeminism (Postmodern Encounters) |year=2000 |publisher=Totem Books |isbn=978-1-84046-182-4}}</ref> Other postfeminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today's society.<ref name="Abbott">{{cite book |last1=Abbott |first1=Pamela |last2=Tyler |first2=Melissa |last3=Wallace |first3=Claire |title=An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-38245-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PPp7dfrNTroC&q=no+longer+relevant xi] |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name="Mateo–Gomez">{{cite book |last1=Mateo–Gomez |first1=Tatiana |editor1-last=Richter |editor1-first=William L. |title=Approaches to Political Thought |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4616-3656-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mQn-AAAAQBAJ&q=feminism+no+longer+relevant 279] |chapter=Feminist Criticism}}</ref> [[Amelia Jones]] has written that the postfeminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Amelia |chapter=Postfeminism, Feminist Pleasures, and Embodied Theories of Art |title=New Feminist Criticism: Art, Identity, Action |editor1-first=Joana |editor1-last=Frueh |editor2-first=Cassandra L. |editor2-last=Langer |editor3-first=Arlene |editor3-last=Raven |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |pages=16–41, 20}}</ref> Dorothy Chunn describes a "blaming narrative" under the postfeminist moniker, where feminists are undermined for continuing to make demands for gender equality in a "post-feminist" society, where "gender equality has (already) been achieved". According to Chunn, "many feminists have voiced disquiet about the ways in which rights and equality discourses are now used against them".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chunn|first=Dorothy E.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASc568aunFoC&q=Take+It+Easy+Girls%22:+Feminism,+Equality,+and+Social+Change+in+the+Media&pg=PA31|title=Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change|date=1 November 2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4036-1|editor-last=Chunn|editor-first=Dorothy E.|location=|pages=31|chapter="Take It Easy Girls": Feminism, Equality, and Social Change in the Media (2007)|editor-last2=Boyd|editor-first2=Susan|editor-last3=Lessard|editor-first3=Hester}}</ref>