Fallen angel

=== Bible ===
Luke 10:18 refers to "Satan falling from heaven" and Matthew 25:41 mentions "the Devil and his angels", who will be thrown into hell. All [[Synoptic Gospels]] identify Satan as the leader of demons.<ref name="jstor.org">Martin, Dale Basil. ''When Did Angels Become Demons?'' Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. 129, no. 4, 2010, pp. 657–677. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25765960.</ref> [[Paul the Apostle]] ({{Circa|5|64}} or 67) states in 1 Corinthians 6:3 that there are angels who will be judged, implying the existence of wicked angels.<ref name="jstor.org"/> 2 Peter 2:4 and Jude 1:6 refer [[Protrepsis and paraenesis|paraenetically]] to angels who have sinned against God and await punishment on [[Judgement Day]].<ref>J. Daryl Charles ''The Angels under Reserve in 2 Peter and Jude'' Bulletin for Biblical Research Vol. 15, No. 1 (2005), pp. 39–48</ref> The [[Book of Revelation]], chapter 12, speaks of Satan as a great red dragon whose "tail swept a third part of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth".<ref>Revelation 12:4</ref> In verses 7–9, Satan is defeated in the [[War in Heaven]] against [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] and his angels: "the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient [[Serpent (Bible)|serpent]] who is called the [[Devil]] and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth and his angels were thrown down with him".<ref>Revelation 12:9</ref> Nowhere within the New Testament writings are fallen angels identified with demons,<ref name="jstor.org"/> but by combining the references to Satan, demons and angels, early Christian exegetes equated fallen angels with demons, for which Satan was regarded as the leader.<ref name="jstor.org"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Packer|first=J.I.|title=Concise theology : a guide to historic Christian beliefs|year=2001|publisher=[[Tyndale House]]|location=Carol Stream, Ill.|isbn=978-0-8423-3960-5|chapter=Satan: Fallen angels have a leader|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXmOrt8mVJkC&pg=PT70}}</ref>

The [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] in 11:10, according to the early Church Father [[Tertullian]], references fallen angels; Tertullian taught that protection from the lust of the fallen angels was the reason for [[Saint Paul]]'s directive to Christian women to wear a headcovering (veil).<ref name="Stewart2022">{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Tyler A. |title=The Origin and Persistence of Evil in Galatians |date=25 February 2022 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-159873-9 |page=51 |language=en}}</ref> Tertullian referenced a woman who was touched on the neck by a fallen angel "who found her to be a temptation".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hammerling |first1=Roy |title=A History of Prayer: The First to the Fifteenth Century |date=2 October 2008 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-17122-0 |page=52 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Origen]] and other Christian writers linked the fallen morning star of [[Isaiah 14]]:12 of the [[Old Testament]] to Jesus' statement in Luke 10:18 that he "saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven", as well as a passage about the fall of Satan in Revelation 12:8–9.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ldDLYd2AuAsC&pg=PA320 |author= John N. Oswalt |chapter= The Book of Isaiah, Chapters 1–39 |title= The International Commentary on the Old Testament |publisher=Eerdmans |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8028-2529-2 |page=320 |access-date= 2012-07-03}}</ref> The Latin word ''lucifer'', as introduced in the late 4th-century AD [[Vulgate]], gave rise to the name for a fallen angel.<ref>Kaufmann Kohler ''Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion: With Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy'' Macmillan original: Princeton University 1923 digitized: 2008 p. 5</ref>

Christian tradition has associated Satan not only with the image of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12, but also with the denouncing in Ezekiel 28:11–19 of the king of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], who is spoken of as having been a "[[cherub]]". The [[Church Fathers]] saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, an interpretation also testified in apocryphal and [[Pseudepigrapha|pseudepigraphic]] works.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=smxPS7QRR5MC&dq=Patmore+pseudepigraphic&pg=PA78 Hector M. Patmore, ''Adam, Satan, and the King of Tyre''] (Brill 2012), {{ISBN|978-90-04-20722-6}}, pp. 76–78</ref> However, "no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about the fall of Satan".<ref>Paul Peterson, Ross Cole (editors), [https://books.google.com/books?id=TBFAAwAAQBAJ&dq=Petersen+modern+evangelical+commentary&pg=PA246 ''Hermeneutics, Intertextuality and the Contemporary Meaning of Scripture'' (Avondale Academic Press 2013] {{ISBN|978-1-921817-99-1}}), p. 246.</ref>