Emmerson Mnangagwa

=== Minister of State for National Security: 1980–1988 ===
On 12 March 1980, the month before Zimbabwe's independence, incoming Prime Minister Robert Mugabe named his first cabinet, in which Mnangagwa was named [[Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office (Zimbabwe)|Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":28" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ross |first=Jay |date=1980-03-12 |title=Mugabe Appoints Cabinet Designed To Placate Whites |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/03/12/mugabe-appoints-cabinet-designed-to-placate-whites/8b03f5f3-0bb7-4368-834e-29382342af9d/ |access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> Among other responsibilities, his portfolio oversaw the [[Central Intelligence Organisation]], the national [[intelligence agency]].<ref name=":3" /> In that position, Mnangagwa cultivated strong relationships with Zimbabwe's security establishment.<ref name=":6" /> After the head of [[Zimbabwe Defence Forces]], the Rhodesian holdover General [[Peter Walls]], was dismissed by Mugabe on 15 September 1980, Mnangagwa also took over as Chairman of the [[Joint Operations Command (Zimbabwe)|Joint Operations Command]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-17 |title=Zimbabwe's Army Chief Is Dismissed for Disloyalty |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/09/18/111294359.pdf |access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> In that role, he oversaw the integration of ZANLA and ZIPRA fighters with the existing units of the former [[Rhodesian Security Forces]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2017-11-22-emmerson-mnangagwa-the-man-behind-the-coup/|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa: the man behind the coup|date=22 November 2017|work=[[Financial Mail]]|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031959/https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/2017-11-22-emmerson-mnangagwa-the-man-behind-the-coup/|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}</ref> During this period, he also served as ZANU's secretary for national security.<ref name=":28" />

In the [[1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election|1985 parliamentary election]], Mnangagwa ran as ZANU's candidate for the [[Kwekwe East]] constituency. He won with 86% of the vote, defeating [[Zimbabwe African People's Union|ZAPU]]'s Elias Hananda and the [[United African National Council]]'s Kenneth Kumbirayi Kaparepare, who respectively received 11% and 3%.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eU6OAAAAIAAJ |title=法學研究: 法律・政治・社会 |date=1998 |publisher=法学硏究会 |pages=18 |language=ja}}</ref>

====''Gukurahundi''====
[[File:Matabeleland.svg|thumb|The Gukurahundi took place in Zimbabwe's western Matabeleland region (pictured in red)]]
While Mnangagwa was Minister of State for National Security, the [[5th Brigade (Zimbabwe)|5th Brigade]] of the [[Zimbabwe National Army]] killed thousands of [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] civilians in the [[Matabeleland]] region of western Zimbabwe. These massacres, known as the ''[[Gukurahundi]]'', lasted from 1983 to 1987, and resulted in an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 deaths.<ref name="CCJP">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |title=Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: Report on the 1980s Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands |publisher=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe and the Legal Resources Foundation (Zimbabwe) |year=1997 |editor=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe |location=Harare, Zimbabwe |oclc=40480429 |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153012/https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hill77">{{cite book
|title=The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown
|last=Hill
|first=Geoff
|location=Johannesburg
|publisher=Struik Publishers
|year=2005|orig-year=2003
|isbn=978-1-86872-652-3
|page=77}}</ref> The extent of Mnangagwa's role in the genocide is disputed, with Mnangagwa himself denying any involvement.<ref name=":24">{{cite news|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-125093.html|title=US cables link Mnangagwa, Mugabe to Gukurahundi|date=31 December 2017|work=Bulawayo24 News|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="mg.co.za">{{cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-24-00-gukurahundi-ghosts-haunt-mnangagwa|title=Gukurahundi ghosts haunt Mnangagwa|last=Allison|first=Simon|work=Mail & Guardian|date=24 November 2017|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> He asked in a 2017 interview, "How do I become the enforcer of the ''Gukurahundi''? We had the president, the minister of defence, the commander of the army, and I was none of that."<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-11-27-op-ed-mnangagwa-and-the-gukurahundi-fact-and-fiction/|title=Op-Ed: Mnangagwa and the Gukurahundi – fact and fiction|last=Doran|first=Stuart|date=2017-11-27|work=Daily Maverick|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite his denials, Mnangagwa is accused by many, including foreign governments, opposition politicians, and human rights groups, of playing a significant, or leading role in the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":61" /><ref name=":10" /> As national security minister, his CIO worked with the army to suppress ZAPU, ZANU's rival political party, which drew its support from Ndebele people.<ref name=":1" /> In the lead-up to the massacres, he delivered speeches attacking the opposition.<ref name="mg.co.za" /><ref name=":63" /><ref name=":64" /> In a 15 March 1983 speech at a rally in [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]], he described government opponents as "[[cockroach]]es" and "bugs" that required the government to bring in [[DDT]] (a [[pesticide]]) to remove them.<ref name="mg.co.za" /><ref name=":63">{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-zim-expats-remember-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres/|title=Zim expats remember Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres|last=Ndlangisa|first=Sabelo|work=TimesLIVE|date=23 November 2017|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=":64">{{cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/africa/2017-11-23-mnangagwas-role-in-gukurahundi-massacres-not-forgotten-for-zim-expats/|title=Mnangagwa's role in Gukurahundi massacres not forgotten for Zim expats|last=Ndlangisa|first=Sabelo|work=SowetanLIVE|date=23 November 2017|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref> He also said that their villages should be burned.<ref name=":3" /> In another speech, he said: "Blessed are they who follow the path of government laws, for their days on earth shall be increased. But woe unto those who will choose the path of collaboration with dissidents, for we will certainly shorten their stay on earth."<ref name=":3" />

When the massacres began, Mnangagwa was tasked with explaining the violence to the international community, and made most of the public comments on behalf of the Zimbabwean government on the activities of the 5th Brigade.<ref name=":24" /> In addition, documents from both the [[United States Department of State]] and the [[Australia]]n embassy in Harare reveal Mnangagwa's knowledge of and role in the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2015/05/mugabe-exposed/|title=Mugabe's Gukurahundi role exposed|last=Samukange|first=Tinotenda|date=2015-05-18|website=NewsDay Zimbabwe|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> While the 5th Brigade, which Mnangagwa did not directly oversee, carried out the vast majority of the killings, the CIO participated in other ways, including apprehending and interrogating alleged dissidents.<ref name=":25" /> Whereas the 5th Brigade targeted large numbers of Ndebele civilians, the CIO often focused on more specific targets, particularly ZAPU leaders and organizers.<ref name=":25" /> The CIO also provided information, including documents and surveillance intelligence, to the 5th Brigade and other segments of the government involved in the violence.<ref name=":25" /> The CIO gave Bush War-era ZIPRA personnel files to the 5th Brigade, which used them to seek out ex-ZANU and ZIPRA leaders in Matabeleland.<ref name=":25" /> In addition to focused violence and intelligence-sharing, CIO leaders also cooperated with other groups participating in the ''Gukurahundi'' through informal channels of communication.<ref name=":26" /> In Zimbabwe at the time, coordination between government agencies did not always occur within bureaucratic channels, but often through ethnic or political connections.<ref name=":25" /> Thus, as Mugabe's security minister, Mnangagwa's role was not necessarily restricted by the limitations of his ministry or the CIO.<ref name=":25" />

The ''Gukurahundi'' ended with the signing of the [[Unity Accord]] on 22 December 1987.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":27">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/landmarks-in-robert-mugabes-life-853020.html|title=Landmarks in Robert Mugabe's life|date=2008-06-24|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-17|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1989/10/22/apartheids-spies/78cac89e-ec8b-4c3e-87a7-8afc1c778c81|title=Apartheid's Spies|last=Berkeley|first=Bill|date=1989-10-22|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> The agreement, signed by Prime Minister Mugabe and ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo, merged ZAPU into the ruling [[ZANU–PF|Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front]] (ZANU–PF).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":27" /><ref name=":29" /> On 18 April 1988, Mugabe announced amnesty for all dissidents, and in return, Nkomo called on them to lay down their arms.<ref name=":27" /> In the late 1980s, a series of court cases exposed the existence of [[apartheid]] [[South Africa]]n spies within the CIO, who played a significant role in causing the ''Gukurahundi'' by providing distorted intelligence reports and purposely inflaming ethnic tensions.<ref name=":29" /> These spies, white holdovers from the Rhodesian era, contributed to South Africa's interest in destabilising the newly independent Zimbabwe. In particular, they sought to damage ZAPU and ZIPRA, which maintained close ties to the [[African National Congress]], the leading [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] group in South Africa.<ref name=":29" /> Mnangagwa admitted that the South Africa had a "major implant in intelligence under [[Ian Smith|Smith]]" and that Zimbabwe's post-independence government "initially left these implants".<ref name=":29" /> Asked why these agents were allowed to remain the CIO, he responded, "We had no choice. We could not allow our whole intelligence capability to collapse overnight."<ref name=":29" />

White CIO agents who cooperated with South Africa included [[Geoffrey Price (spy)|Geoffrey Price]], an agent responsible for Prime Minister Mugabe's personal security, who, along with a small cell of white agents, supplied information leading to South Africa's August 1981 assassination of [[Joe Gqabi]], an ANC representative in Zimbabwe.<ref name=":29" /> Another, [[Matt Calloway]], formerly the CIO's top agent in [[Hwange District]], was in 1983 identified by the Zimbabwean government as being involved a South African operation that recruited, trained, and armed disaffected Ndebeles and sent them back into Matabeleland as guerrillas.<ref name=":29" /> The violence they sparked contributed to the start of the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":29" /> A third was [[Kevin Woods]], an agent until 1986, who served as the CIO's top administrative officer in [[Bulawayo]] throughout much of the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":29" /> In 1988, Woods was arrested and charged with participating in a [[car bomb]] attack targeting an ANC representative in Bulawayo.<ref name=":29" /> At his trial, he confessed—freely, he said, because he feared interrogation methods which he was very familiar from his time at the CIO—to being a double agent for South Africa.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":29" /> Woods' confession, part of a high-profile case that reached Zimbabwe's [[Supreme Court of Zimbabwe|Supreme Court]], brought new attention to the wide scope of South Africa's infiltration of Zimbabwe's intelligence apparatus, especially in relation to the ''Gukurahundi''.<ref name=":29" /> The Woods affair was embarrassing for Mnangagwa, and according to one source, caused Mugabe to remove him from the position of Minister of State Security.<ref name=":25" />