Egypt Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Khedivate of Egypt (1867–1914) === {{Main|Khedivate of Egypt}} [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty]] remained nominally an Ottoman province. It was granted the status of an [[Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire|autonomous vassal state]] or ''[[Khedivate of Egypt|Khedivate]]'' in 1867. The [[Suez Canal]], built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction was financed by European banks. Large sums also went to patronage and corruption. New taxes caused popular discontent. In 1875 Isma'il avoided bankruptcy by selling all Egypt's shares in the canal to the British government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French [[Dual control (politics)|controllers]] who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."<ref>Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin, ''Nasser of the Arabs'', p. 2.</ref> Other circumstances like epidemic diseases (cattle disease in the 1880s), floods and wars drove the economic downturn and increased Egypt's dependency on foreign debt even further.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=217, 224 Figure 7.6: "Height development in the Middle East and the world (male)" and 225|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> [[File:Tel-el-Kebir.JPG|thumb|right|The [[battle of Tel el-Kebir]] in 1882 during the [[Anglo-Egyptian War]]]] Local dissatisfaction with the Khedive and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879, with [[Ahmed ʻUrabi]] a prominent figure. After increasing tensions and nationalist revolts, the United Kingdom invaded Egypt in 1882, crushing the Egyptian army at the [[Battle of Tell El Kebir]] and militarily occupying the country.<ref>Anglo French motivation: Derek Hopwood, ''Egypt: Politics and Society 1945–1981''. London, 1982, George Allen & Unwin. p. 11.</ref> Following this, the Khedivate became a ''de facto'' British protectorate under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.<ref>De facto protectorate: Joan Wucher King, ''Historical Dictionary of Egypt''. Metuchen, NJ; 1984; Scarecrow. p. 17.</ref> In 1899 the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement was signed: the Agreement stated that Sudan would be jointly governed by the Khedivate of Egypt and the United Kingdom. However, actual control of Sudan was in British hands only. In 1906, the [[Denshawai incident]] prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page