California

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of California}}
{{Further|Climate change in California}}
[[File:Köppen Climate Types California.png|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate]] types in California]]

Most of the state has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. The cool [[California Current]] offshore often creates summer [[fog]] near the coast. Farther inland, there are colder winters and hotter summers. The maritime moderation results in the shoreline summertime temperatures of Los Angeles and [[San Francisco]] being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent. Even the [[San Diego]] shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States. Just a few miles inland, summer temperature extremes are significantly higher, with downtown Los Angeles being several degrees [[Climate of the Los Angeles Basin|warmer]] than at the coast. The same [[microclimate]] phenomenon is seen in the [[San Francisco Bay Area#Climate|climate of the Bay Area]], where areas sheltered from the ocean experience significantly hotter summers and colder winters in contrast with nearby areas closer to the ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrcc.dri.edu/|title=Western Regional Climate Center|website=wrcc.dri.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/California-state/Climate|title=California - Climate &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-coastal-and-inland-climates/|title=Difference Between Coastal and Inland Climates|date=October 26, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:AERONET La Jolla.2007295.terra.250m.jpg|thumb|left|[[List of California wildfires|California wildfires]] affect the state yearly. In the south, the [[Santa Ana winds]] often expand fires and spread smoke over hundreds of miles.]]
Northern parts of the state have more rain than the south. California's mountain ranges also influence the climate: some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Coastal northwestern California has a [[temperate climate]], and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have an [[alpine climate]] with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer.

California's mountains produce [[rain shadow]]s on the eastern side, creating extensive [[desert]]s. The higher elevation deserts of [[eastern California]] have hot summers and cold winters, while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. [[Death Valley]], a desert with large expanses below sea level, is considered the hottest location in the world; the highest temperature in the world,<ref name="newRecord">{{Cite journal |last=El Fadli |first=K. I. |display-authors=etal |date=September 2012 |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58{{spaces}}°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (September 13, 1922) |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=94 |issue=2 |page=199 |bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1 |doi-access=free}} (The 136.4{{spaces}}°F (58{{spaces}}°C), claimed by [['Aziziya]], [[Libya]], on September 13, 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date=January 4, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref> {{convert|134|°F|°C|1}}, was recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was {{convert|−45|°F}} on January 20, 1937, in [[Boca, California|Boca]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Data: California, Boca, 1937, January |url=https://geographic.org/global_weather/weather_data.php?month=01&year=1937&id=USC00040931&path=weather_stations/usc0000000_usc0045999/USC00040931.dly&name=Boca&country=California |access-date=June 26, 2020}}</ref>

The table below lists average temperatures for January and August in a selection of places throughout the state; some highly populated and some not. This includes the relatively cool summers of the [[Humboldt Bay]] region around [[Eureka, California|Eureka]], the extreme heat of [[Death Valley]], and the mountain climate of [[Mammoth Lakes, California|Mammoth]] in the Sierra Nevada.

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in California<ref name="California climate averages">{{Cite web |title=California climate averages |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=CA&statename=California-United-States-of-America |access-date=January 26, 2018 |publisher=Weatherbase}}</ref>
|-
!Location
! August{{break}}(°F)
! August{{break}}(°C)
! January{{break}}(°F)
! January{{break}}(°C)
! Annual{{break}}precipitation{{break}}(mm/in)
|-
|[[Los Angeles]] ||83/64 ||29/18 ||66/48 ||20/8 ||377/15
|-
|[[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX/LA Beaches]] ||75/64 ||23/18 ||65/49 ||18/9 ||326/13
|-
|[[San Diego, California|San Diego]] ||76/67 ||24/19 ||65/49 ||18/9 ||262/10
|-
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]] ||82/58 ||27/14 ||58/42 ||14/5 ||401/16
|-
|[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] ||67/54 ||20/12 ||56/46 ||14/8 ||538/21
|-
|[[Fresno, California|Fresno]] ||97/66 ||34/19 ||55/38 ||12/3 ||292/11
|-
|[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] ||91/58 ||33/14 ||54/39 ||12/3 ||469/18
|-
|[[Oakland, California|Oakland]] ||73/58 ||23/14 ||58/44 ||14/7 ||588/23
|-
|[[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]] ||96/69 ||36/21 ||56/39 ||13/3 ||165/7
|-
|[[Riverside, California|Riverside]] ||94/60 ||35/18 ||67/39 ||19/4 ||260/10
|-
|[[Eureka, California|Eureka]] ||62/53 ||16/11 ||54/41 ||12/5 ||960/38
|-
|[[Death Valley]] ||115/86 ||46/30 ||67/40 ||19/4 ||60/2
|-
|[[Mammoth Lakes, California|Mammoth Lakes]] ||77/45 ||25/7 ||40/15 ||4/ −9 ||583/23
|}
The wide range of climates leads to a high demand for water. Over time, [[Droughts in California|droughts]] have been increasing [[Climate change in California|due to climate change]] and [[Water extraction|overextraction]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/14/western-drought-fueled-by-climate-change-is-the-worst-in-1200-years.html|title=Western drought fueled by climate change is the worst in 1,200 years, scientists say|first=Emma|last=Newburger|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=February 14, 2022|access-date=February 18, 2022}}</ref> becoming less seasonal and more year-round, further straining California's [[electricity supply]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/US/california-blackouts-power-grid/story?id=89460998|title=Why California has blackouts: A look at the power grid|first=Meredith|last=Deliso|publisher=ABC News|date=September 9, 2022|access-date=September 11, 2022}}</ref> and [[water security]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Boxall |first1=Bettina |last2=St. John |first2=Paige |date=November 10, 2018 |title=California's most destructive wildfire should not have come as a surprise |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-camp-fire-science-20181110-story.html |access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Advancing Drought Science and Preparedness across the Nation |url=https://www.drought.gov/drought/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111042024/https://www.drought.gov/drought/ |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018 |publisher=National Integrated Drought Information System}}</ref> and having an impact on California business, industry, and agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kvpr.org/business-economy/2022-03-14/drought-has-already-cost-close-to-2-billion-and-14-000-jobs-and-its-likely-not-over-yet?_amp=true |title= Drought has already cost close to $2 billion and 14,000 jobs, and it's likely not over yet|website=www.kvpr.org |date= March 14, 2022|access-date=July 13, 2022}}{{title missing|date=July 2022}}</ref>

In 2022, a new state program was created in collaboration with [[indigenous peoples of California]] to revive the practice of [[controlled burn]]s as a way of clearing excessive forest debris and making landscapes more resilient to wildfires. [[Native American use of fire in ecosystems|Native American use of fire in ecosystem]] management was outlawed in 1911, yet has now been recognized.<ref name="Elassar-2022"/>
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