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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text=== Nervous system === One common symptom, loss of smell, results from [[Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes|infection of the support cells of the olfactory epithelium]], with subsequent damage to the [[Olfactory receptor neuron|olfactory neurons]].<ref name="Meunier-2020">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors = Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L |title = COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology |journal = Frontiers in Physiology |volume = 11 |pages = 625110 |date = June 2020 |pmid = 33574768 |pmc = 7870487 |doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.625110 |doi-access = free |title-link = doi }}</ref> The involvement of both the central and peripheral nervous system in COVID‑19 has been reported in many medical publications.<ref name="Guerrero2020">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors = Guerrero JI, Barragán LA, Martínez JD, Montoya JP, Peña A, Sobrino FE, Tovar-Spinoza Z, Ghotme KA |title = Central and peripheral nervous system involvement by COVID-19: a systematic review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, neuropathology, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and cerebrospinal fluid findings |journal = BMC Infectious Diseases |date = June 2021 |volume = 21 |issue = 1 |page = 515 |doi = 10.1186/s12879-021-06185-6| pmid = 34078305 |pmc = 8170436 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi }}</ref> It is clear that many people with [[Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes|COVID-19 exhibit neurological or mental health issues]]. The virus is not detected in the [[central nervous system]] (CNS) of the majority of COVID-19 patients with [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes|neurological issues]]. However, SARS-CoV-2 has been detected at low levels in the brains of those who have died from COVID‑19, but these results need to be confirmed.<ref name="Pezzini2020">{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors = Pezzini A, Padovani A |title = Lifting the mask on neurological manifestations of COVID-19 |journal = Nature Reviews. Neurology |volume = 16 |issue = 11 |pages = 636–644 |date = November 2020 |pmid = 32839585 |pmc = 7444680 |doi = 10.1038/s41582-020-0398-3 }}</ref> While virus has been detected in [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of autopsies, the exact mechanism by which it invades the CNS remains unclear and may first involve invasion of peripheral nerves given the low levels of ACE2 in the brain.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors = Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T |title = The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients |journal = Journal of Medical Virology |volume = 92 |issue = 6 |pages = 552–555 |date = June 2020 |pmid = 32104915 |pmc = 7228394 |doi = 10.1002/jmv.25728 |title-link = doi |doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors = Baig AM, Khaleeq A, Ali U, Syeda H |title = Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host-Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms |journal = ACS Chemical Neuroscience |volume = 11 |issue = 7 |pages = 995–998 |date = April 2020 |pmid = 32167747 |pmc = 7094171 |doi= 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00122 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||vauthors = Yavarpour-Bali H, Ghasemi-Kasman M |title = Update on neurological manifestations of COVID-19 |journal = Life Sciences |volume = 257 |pages = 118063 |date = September 2020 |pmid = 32652139 |pmc = 7346808 |doi = 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118063 }}</ref> The virus may also enter the bloodstream from the lungs and cross the blood–brain barrier to gain access to the CNS, possibly within an infected white blood cell.<ref name="Pezzini2020" /> [[File:Ijms-21-05932-g003.webp|thumb|[[Host tropism|Tropism]] and [[Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome|multiple organ injuries]] in SARS-CoV-2 infection]] Research conducted when Alpha was the dominant variant has suggested COVID-19 may cause brain damage.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite journal ||last1=Douaud |first1=Gwenaëlle |last2=Lee |first2=Soojin |last3=Alfaro-Almagro |first3=Fidel |last4=Arthofer |first4=Christoph |last5=Wang |first5=Chaoyue |last6=McCarthy |first6=Paul |last7=Lange |first7=Frederik |last8=Andersson |first8=Jesper L. R. |last9=Griffanti |first9=Ludovica |last10=Duff |first10=Eugene |last11=Jbabdi |first11=Saad |last12=Taschler |first12=Bernd |last13=Keating |first13=Peter |last14=Winkler |first14=Anderson M. |last15=Collins |first15=Rory |last16=Matthews |first16= Paul M. |last17=Naomi |first17=Allen |last18=Miller |first18=Karla L. |last19=Nichols |first19=Thomas E. |last20=Smith |first20=Stephen M. |date=March 2022 |title=SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=604 |issue=7907 |pages=697–707 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5 |issn=1476-4687 |lccn=12037118 |oclc=01586310 |pmc=9046077 |pmid=35255491 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..697D |doi-access=free}}</ref> Later research showed that all variants studied (including Omicron) killed brain cells, but the exact cells killed varied by variant.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite journal ||last1=Proust |first1=Alizé |last2= Queval|first2= Christophe J. |last3= Harvey|first3= Ruth |last4= Adams|first4= Lorin |last5= Bennett|first5= Michael |last6= Wilkinson |first6= Robert J.|date= 2023 |title= Diferential efects of SARS-CoV-2 variants on central nervous system cells and blood–brain barrier functions|journal= Journal of Neuroinflammation |volume=20 |issue=184 |page=184 |doi=10.1186/s12974-023-02861-3 |pmid=37537664 |pmc=10398935 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is unknown if such damage is temporary or permanent.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite news ||last1=Geddes |first1=Linda |last2=Sample |first2=Ian |date=7 March 2022 |title=Covid can shrink brain and damage its tissue, finds research |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/covid-can-shrink-brain-and-damage-its-tissue-finds-research |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307161107/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/covid-can-shrink-brain-and-damage-its-tissue-finds-research |archive-date=7 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite news ||last=Morelle |first=Rebecca |date=7 March 2022 |title=Scans reveal how Covid may change the brain |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-60591487 |url-status= |access-date=4 September 2023}}</ref> Observed individuals infected with COVID-19 (most with mild cases) experienced an additional 0.2% to 2% of brain tissue lost in regions of the brain connected to the sense of smell compared with uninfected individuals, and the overall effect on the brain was equivalent on average to at least one extra year of normal ageing; infected individuals also scored lower on several cognitive tests. All effects were more pronounced among older ages.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite web||url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/long-covid-even-mild-covid-linked-damage-brain-months-infection-rcna18959|title=Even mild Covid is linked to brain damage months after illness, scans show |date=7 March 2022 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page