Berlin

===Climate===
Berlin has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin,+Germany|title=Berlin, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase|access-date=30 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130184209/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin,+Germany|url-status=live}}</ref> bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb''). This type of climate features mild to very warm summer temperatures and cold, though not very severe, winters. Annual precipitation is modest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany&units=|title=Berlin, Germany Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-date=29 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629211853/https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=58301&cityname=Berlin%2C+Berlin%2C+Germany&units=|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Elkins-2005">{{Cite book |last1=Elkins |first1=Dorothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City |last2=Elkins |first2=T. H. |last3=Hofmeister |first3=B. |date=4 August 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135835057 |language=en |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218131221/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Frosts are common in winter, and there are larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many [[oceanic climate]]s. Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of {{cvt|22|–|25|C}} and lows of {{cvt|12|–|14|C}}. Winters are cold with average high temperatures of {{cvt|3|C}} and lows of {{cvt|−2|to|0|C}}. Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with [[Urban heat island|heat stored by the city's buildings and pavement]]. Temperatures can be {{cvt|4|C-change|sigfig=1}} higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.com/|title=weather.com|publisher=weather.com|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323015551/https://www.weather.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Annual precipitation is {{convert|570|mm|sp=us}} with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.<ref name="worldweather2">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldweather.org/016/c00059.htm|title=Climate figures|website=World Weather Information Service|access-date=18 August 2008|archive-date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817114255/https://www.worldweather.org/016/c00059.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The hottest month in Berlin was July 1834, with a mean temperature of {{cvt|23.0|C}} and the coldest was [[Great Frost of 1709|January 1709]], with a mean temperature of {{cvt|-13.2|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tberlintem.html|title=Temperaturmonatsmittel BERLIN-TEMPELHOF 1701- 1993|website=old.wetterzentrale.de|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702031754/https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/tberlintem.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wettest month on record was July 1907, with {{convert|230|mm|sp=us}} of rainfall, whereas the driest were October 1866, November 1902, October 1908 and September 1928, all with {{convert|1|mm|3|sp=us}} of rainfall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/pberlinda.html|title=Niederschlagsmonatssummen BERLIN-DAHLEM 1848– 1990|website=old.wetterzentrale.de|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707182905/https://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/pberlinda.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Berlin (Brandenburg), 1991–2020, extremes 1957–2021
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 15.1
| Feb record high C = 19.2
| Mar record high C = 25.8
| Apr record high C = 30.8
| May record high C = 32.7
| Jun record high C = 38.4
| Jul record high C = 38.3
| Aug record high C = 38.0
| Sep record high C = 32.3
| Oct record high C = 27.7
| Nov record high C = 20.9
| Dec record high C = 15.6
| year record high C = 
| Jan avg record high C = 10.6
| Feb avg record high C = 12.4
| Mar avg record high C = 17.9
| Apr avg record high C = 24.0
| May avg record high C = 28.4
| Jun avg record high C = 31.5
| Jul avg record high C = 32.7
| Aug avg record high C = 32.7
| Sep avg record high C = 26.9
| Oct avg record high C = 21.5
| Nov avg record high C = 14.8
| Dec avg record high C = 11.2
| year avg record high C = 34.8
| Jan high C = 3.2
| Feb high C = 4.9
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 15.1
| May high C = 19.6
| Jun high C = 22.9
| Jul high C = 25.0
| Aug high C = 24.8
| Sep high C = 19.8
| Oct high C = 13.9
| Nov high C = 7.7
| Dec high C = 4.1
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 0.7
| Feb mean C = 1.6
| Mar mean C = 4.6
| Apr mean C = 9.7
| May mean C = 14.2
| Jun mean C = 17.6
| Jul mean C = 19.6
| Aug mean C = 19.2
| Sep mean C = 14.7
| Oct mean C = 9.6
| Nov mean C = 4.9
| Dec mean C = 1.8
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = -2.2
| Feb low C = -1.8
| Mar low C = 0.4
| Apr low C = 4.0
| May low C = 8.2
| Jun low C = 11.7
| Jul low C = 14.0
| Aug low C = 13.5
| Sep low C = 9.8
| Oct low C = 5.6
| Nov low C = 1.9
| Dec low C = -0.9
| year low C = 
| Jan avg record low C = -12.0
| Feb avg record low C = -9.5
| Mar avg record low C = -5.8
| Apr avg record low C = -2.6
| May avg record low C = 1.7
| Jun avg record low C = 6.3
| Jul avg record low C = 8.9
| Aug avg record low C = 8.1
| Sep avg record low C = 3.9
| Oct avg record low C = -1.3
| Nov avg record low C = -5.0
| Dec avg record low C = -8.9
| year avg record low C = -14.2
| Jan record low C = -25.3
| Feb record low C = -22.0
| Mar record low C = -19.1
| Apr record low C = -7.4
| May record low C = -2.8
| Jun record low C = 1.3
| Jul record low C = 4.9
| Aug record low C = 4.6
| Sep record low C = -0.9
| Oct record low C = -7.7
| Nov record low C = -17.8
| Dec record low C = -24.0
| year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 35.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 27.7
| May precipitation mm = 52.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 60.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 70.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 52.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 43.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 40.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 38.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 39.1
| year precipitation mm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 15.8
| Feb precipitation days = 13.9
| Mar precipitation days = 14
| Apr precipitation days = 10.9
| May precipitation days = 12.8
| Jun precipitation days = 12.4
| Jul precipitation days = 13.4
| Aug precipitation days = 12.7
| Sep precipitation days = 11.6
| Oct precipitation days = 13.6
| Nov precipitation days = 14.5
| Dec precipitation days = 16.4
| year precipitation days = 
| unit snow days = 1.0 cm
| Jan snow days = 8.4
| Feb snow days = 6.8
| Mar snow days = 2.6
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 1.4
| Dec snow days = 4.9
| year snow days = 
| Jan humidity = 85.9
| Feb humidity = 81.2
| Mar humidity = 75.8
| Apr humidity = 67.2
| May humidity = 66.9
| Jun humidity = 66.3
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 68.5
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 82.7
| Nov humidity = 87.8
| Dec humidity = 87.5
| year humidity = 
| Jan sun = 52.6
| Feb sun = 77.9
| Mar sun = 126.7
| Apr sun = 196.4
| May sun = 231.1
| Jun sun = 232.9
| Jul sun = 233.7
| Aug sun = 222.2
| Sep sun = 168.9
| Oct sun = 113.8
| Nov sun = 57.4
| Dec sun = 45.0
| year sun = 
| source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|title=Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center)|website=www.dwd.de|access-date=15 September 2022|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619232425/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NCEI]](days with precipitation and snow, humidity)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Berlin-Brandenburg_10385.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Berlin-Brandenburg |access-date=11 April 2024 |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosphric Administration]] |format=CSV |quote=WMO number: 10385}}</ref>
| date = 15 September 2022
| source = 
}}
{{Weather box    
| collapsed    = y
| metric first = y
| single line  = y
| location     = Berlin ([[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]]), {{convert|58|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}, 1961–1990 normals, extremes 1908–present
|Jan record high C = 15.2
|Feb record high C = 18.6
|Mar record high C = 25.1
|Apr record high C = 30.9
|May record high C = 33.3 
|Jun record high C = 36.1 
|Jul record high C = 37.9 
|Aug record high C = 37.7 
|Sep record high C = 34.2
|Oct record high C = 27.5 
|Nov record high C = 19.5 
|Dec record high C = 15.7
| Jan mean C  =-0.4
| Feb mean C  =0.6
| Mar mean C  =4.0
| Apr mean C  =8.4
| May mean C  =13.5
| Jun mean C  =16.7
| Jul mean C  =17.9
| Aug mean C  =17.2
| Sep mean C  =13.5
| Oct mean C  =9.3
| Nov mean C  =4.6
| Dec mean C  =1.2
| Jan high C  =1.8    
| Feb high C  =3.5    
| Mar high C  =7.9    
| Apr high C  =13.1    
| May high C  =18.6    
| Jun high C  =21.8    
| Jul high C  =23.1    
| Aug high C  =22.8    
| Sep high C  =18.7    
| Oct high C  =13.3    
| Nov high C  =7.0    
| Dec high C  =3.2           
| Jan low C  =-2.9
| Feb low C  =-2.2
| Mar low C  =0.5
| Apr low C  =3.9    
| May low C  =8.2    
| Jun low C  =11.4      
| Jul low C  =12.9     
| Aug low C  =12.4     
| Sep low C  =9.4      
| Oct low C  =5.9    
| Nov low C  =2.1   
| Dec low C  =-1.1       
|Jan record low C = -21.0
|Feb record low C = -26.0
|Mar record low C = -16.5
|Apr record low C = -6.7
|May record low C = -2.9
|Jun record low C = 0.8
|Jul record low C = 5.4
|Aug record low C = 4.7
|Sep record low C = -0.5
|Oct record low C = -9.6
|Nov record low C = -16.1
|Dec record low C = -20.2
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =43.0    
| Feb precipitation mm  =37.0     
| Mar precipitation mm  =38.0    
| Apr precipitation mm  =42.0     
| May precipitation mm  =55.0     
| Jun precipitation mm  =71.0    
| Jul precipitation mm  =53.0     
| Aug precipitation mm  =65.0     
| Sep precipitation mm  =46.0     
| Oct precipitation mm  =36.0     
| Nov precipitation mm  =50.0    
| Dec precipitation mm  =55.0         
| Jan sun  =45.4
| Feb sun  =72.3
| Mar sun  =122.0
| Apr sun  =157.7
| May sun  =221.6
| Jun sun  =220.9
| Jul sun  =217.9
| Aug sun  =210.2
| Sep sun  =156.3
| Oct sun  =110.9
| Nov sun  =52.4
| Dec sun  =37.4
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10.0
| Feb precipitation days  =9.0
| Mar precipitation days  =8.0
| Apr precipitation days  =9.0
| May precipitation days  =10.0
| Jun precipitation days  =10.0
| Jul precipitation days  =9.0
| Aug precipitation days  =9.0
| Sep precipitation days  =9.0
| Oct precipitation days  =8.0
| Nov precipitation days  =10.0
| Dec precipitation days  =11.0
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="noaa">{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10381.TXT
| title = Berlin (10381) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 30 January 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAABerlin Archived] 30 January 2019, at the [[Wayback Machine]]</ref>
|source 2 = Berliner Extremwerte<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm |title = Berliner Extremwerte |access-date = 1 December 2014 |archive-date = 6 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200606191249/https://www.berliner-extremwerte.com/Berliner-Extremwerte.htm |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}