Athens

===Climate===
[[File:Athens_and_Mount_Lycabettus_from_the_Areopagus_on_July_22,_2019.jpg|thumb|Sunrise in Athens]]
Athens has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Csa''). According to the meteorological station near the city center which is operated by the [[National Observatory of Athens]], the downtown area has an annual average temperature of {{convert|19.2|C|F}} while parts of the urban agglomeration may reach up to {{convert|19.8|C|F}}, being affected by the [[urban heat island]] effect.<ref name="Climate Atlas of Greece">{{Cite web |title=Climate Atlas of Greece |url=http://climatlas.hnms.gr/sdi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204171218/http://climatlas.hnms.gr/sdi/ |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |publisher=[[Hellenic National Meteorological Service]]}}</ref> Athens receives about {{convert|433.1|mm|in}} of precipitation per year, largely concentrated during the colder half of the year with the remaining rainfall falling sparsely, mainly during thunderstorms. [[Fog]] is rare in the city center, but somewhat more frequent in areas to the east, close to mount [[Hymettus]].<ref name="Practical Information About Athens">{{Cite web |title=Practical Information About Athens |url=https://www.ippcathens2024.gr/general-info |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=www.ippcathens2024.gr |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The southern section of the [[Athens metropolitan area]] (i.e., [[Elliniko]], [[Athens Riviera]]) lies in the transitional zone between [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] (''Csa'') and hot [[semi-arid climate]] (''BSh''), with its port-city of [[Piraeus]] being the most extreme example, receiving just {{convert|331.9|mm|in}} per year. The areas to the south generally see less extreme temperature variations as their climate is moderated by the [[Saronic Gulf|Saronic gulf]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Melas |first1=D. |last2=Ziomas |first2=I. |last3=Klemm |first3=O. |last4=Zerefos |first4=C. S. |date=1 June 1998 |title=Anatomy of the sea-breeze circulation in Athens area under weak large-scale ambient winds |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231097004202 |journal=Atmospheric Environment |language=en |volume=32 |issue=12 |pages=2223–2237 |doi=10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00420-2 |bibcode=1998AtmEn..32.2223M |issn=1352-2310}}</ref> The northern part of the city (i.e., [[Kifissia]]), owing to its higher elevation, features moderately lower temperatures and slightly increased precipitation year-round. The generally dry climate of the Athens basin compared to the precipitation amounts seen in a typical [[Mediterranean climate]] is due to the [[rain shadow]] effect caused by the [[Pindus]] mountain range and the [[Dirfi|Dirfys]] and [[Parnitha]] mountains, substantially drying the westerly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountain Weather in Greece : Articles : SummitPost |url=https://www.summitpost.org/mountain-weather-in-greece/1002640 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=www.summitpost.org}}</ref> and northerly<ref name="Practical Information About Athens"/> winds respectively.
[[File:View_of_the_Ancient_Agora_of_Athens_from_Apostolou_Pavlou_Pedestrian_Street_on_February_16,_2021.jpg|thumb|Snowfall in Athens on 16 February 2021]]

Snowfall is not very common, though it occurs almost annually, but it usually does not cause heavy disruption to daily life, in contrast to the northern parts of the city, where [[blizzard]]s occur on a somewhat more regular basis. The most recent examples include the snowstorms of 16 February 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=Unusually heavy snow blankets Athens – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2021/feb/16/unusually-heavy-snow-blankets-athens-in-pictures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221073843/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2021/feb/16/unusually-heavy-snow-blankets-athens-in-pictures |archive-date=21 December 2021 |access-date=21 December 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and 24 January 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2022 |title=Severe weather brings snow to Athens, Greek islands |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1176103/cold-weather-front-hits-greece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124163328/https://www.ekathimerini.com/news/1176103/cold-weather-front-hits-greece/ |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=24 January 2022 |publisher=Ekhatimerini}}</ref> when the entire urban area was blanketed in snow.

Athens may get particularly hot in the summer, owing partly to the strong [[urban heat island]] effect characterizing the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giannaros |first1=Theodore M. |last2=Melas |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Daglis |first3=Ioannis A. |last4=Keramitsoglou |first4=Iphigenia |last5=Kourtidis |first5=Konstantinos |date=1 July 2013 |title=Numerical study of the urban heat island over Athens (Greece) with the WRF model |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013001726 |journal=Atmospheric Environment |language=en |volume=73 |pages=103–111 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.02.055 |bibcode=2013AtmEn..73..103G |issn=1352-2310}}</ref>  In fact, Athens is considered to be the hottest city in [[mainland Europe]],<ref name="Athens will be the first European city to appoint a chief heat officer">{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90658073/athens-will-be-the-first-european-city-to-appoint-a-chief-heat-officer|title=Athens will be the first European city to appoint a chief heat officer|publisher=Fast Company media magazine|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> and is the first city in Europe to appoint a chief heat officer to deal with severe [[heat wave]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=Athens' chief heat officer prepares the city for the climate crisis |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/06/24/europes-first-chief-heat-officer-explains-how-athens-is-preparing-for-severe-heatwaves |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> [[List of extreme temperatures in Greece|Temperatures of 47.5°C]] have been reported in several locations of the metropolitan area, including within the urban agglomeration. [[Athens metropolitan area|Metropolitan Athens]] was until 2021 the holder of the [[World Meteorological Organization]] record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe with {{convert|48.0|C|F}} which was recorded in the areas of [[Elefsina]] and [[Tatoi Palace|Tatoi]] on 10 July 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/europe-highest-temperature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924095721/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/europe-highest-temperature |archive-date=24 September 2016 |access-date=23 September 2016 |website=[[Arizona State University]] website |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=WMO is monitoring potential new temperature records |url=https://wmo.int/media/news/wmo-monitoring-potential-new-temperature-records |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=public.wmo.int |language=en }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = downtown Athens (1991–2020), Extremes (1890–present)
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = 
| Jan high C = 13.3
| Feb high C = 14.2
| Mar high C = 17.0
| Apr high C = 21.1
| May high C = 26.5
| Jun high C = 31.6
| Jul high C = 34.3
| Aug high C = 34.3
| Sep high C = 29.6
| Oct high C = 24.4
| Nov high C = 18.9
| Dec high C = 14.4
| year high C = 23.3
| Jan mean C = 10.2
| Feb mean C = 10.8
| Mar mean C = 13.1
| Apr mean C = 16.7
| May mean C = 21.8
| Jun mean C = 26.6
| Jul mean C = 29.3
| Aug mean C = 29.4
| Sep mean C = 25.0
| Oct mean C = 20.3
| Nov mean C = 15.6
| Dec mean C = 11.6
| year mean C = 19.2
| Jan low C = 7.1
| Feb low C = 7.3
| Mar low C = 9.2
| Apr low C = 12.3
| May low C = 17.0
| Jun low C = 21.6
| Jul low C = 24.2
| Aug low C = 24.4
| Sep low C = 20.4
| Oct low C = 16.2
| Nov low C = 12.2
| Dec low C = 8.7
| year low C = 15.0
| Jan record high C = 22.8
| Feb record high C = 25.3
| Mar record high C = 28.2
| Apr record high C = 32.2
| May record high C = 37.6
| Jun record high C = 44.8
| Jul record high C = 42.8
| Aug record high C = 43.9
| Sep record high C = 38.7
| Oct record high C = 36.5
| Nov record high C = 30.5
| Dec record high C = 23.1
| Jan record low C = −6.5
| Feb record low C = −5.7
| Mar record low C = −2.6
| Apr record low C = 1.7
| May record low C = 6.2
| Jun record low C = 11.8
| Jul record low C = 16
| Aug record low C = 15.5
| Sep record low C = 8.9
| Oct record low C = 5.9
| Nov record low C = −1.1
| Dec record low C = -4.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 55.6
| Feb rain mm = 44.4
| Mar rain mm = 45.6
| Apr rain mm = 27.6
| May rain mm = 20.7
| Jun rain mm = 11.6
| Jul rain mm = 10.7
| Aug rain mm = 5.4
| Sep rain mm = 25.8
| Oct rain mm = 38.6
| Nov rain mm = 70.8
| Dec rain mm = 76.3
| Jan humidity = 72.0
| Feb humidity = 70.0
| Mar humidity = 66.0
| Apr humidity = 60.0
| May humidity = 56.0
| Jun humidity = 50.0
| Jul humidity = 42.0
| Aug humidity = 47.0
| Sep humidity = 57.0
| Oct humidity = 66.0
| Nov humidity = 72.0
| Dec humidity = 73.0
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 5
| Apr uv = 7
| May uv = 9
| Jun uv = 10
| Jul uv = 10
| Aug uv = 9
| Sep uv = 6
| Oct uv = 4
| Nov uv = 2
| Dec uv = 2
| source 1 = Cosmos, scientific magazine of the [[National Observatory of Athens]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Το 'νέο' κλίμα της Αθήνας – Περίοδος 1991–2020 |url=http://magazine.noa.gr/archives/4446 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021120650/http://magazine.noa.gr/archives/4446 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021 |publisher=[[National Observatory of Athens]]}}</ref>
| source 2 = Meteoclub<ref>{{Cite web |title=Το κλίμα της Αθήνας |url=https://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/to-klima-ths-athinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021120728/https://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/to-klima-ths-athinas |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021 |website=www.meteoclub.gr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Το αρχείο του Θησείου |url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/5103-to-arxeio-tou-thiseiou |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504183604/http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/5103-to-arxeio-tou-thiseiou |archive-date=4 May 2016 |access-date=1 May 2016 |website=www.meteoclub.gr}}</ref>
| source = 
}}
{{Weather box
| location = [[Elliniko]], coastal Athens (1955–2010), Extremes (1957–present)
| collapsed = y
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 22.4
| Feb record high C = 24.2
| Mar record high C = 27.0
| Apr record high C = 30.9
| May record high C = 35.6
| Jun record high C = 40.0
| Jul record high C = 42.2
| Aug record high C = 43.0
| Sep record high C = 37.2
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 28.6
| Dec record high C = 22.9
| Jan high C = 13.6
| Feb high C = 14.1
| Mar high C = 15.9
| Apr high C = 19.6
| May high C = 24.4
| Jun high C = 29.2
| Jul high C = 32.2
| Aug high C = 32.2
| Sep high C = 28.3
| Oct high C = 23.4
| Nov high C = 18.8
| Dec high C = 15.1
| Jan mean C = 10.3
| Feb mean C = 10.6
| Mar mean C = 12.4
| Apr mean C = 16.1
| May mean C = 20.9
| Jun mean C = 25.6
| Jul mean C = 28.3
| Aug mean C = 28.2
| Sep mean C = 24.3
| Oct mean C = 19.6
| Nov mean C = 15.4
| Dec mean C = 11.9
| Jan low C = 7.0
| Feb low C = 7.1
| Mar low C = 8.5
| Apr low C = 11.5
| May low C = 15.8
| Jun low C = 20.3
| Jul low C = 23.0
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 19.6
| Oct low C = 15.7
| Nov low C = 12.0
| Dec low C = 8.8
| Jan record low C = −2.9
| Feb record low C = −4.2
| Mar record low C = -2.0
| Apr record low C = 0.6
| May record low C = 8.0
| Jun record low C = 11.4
| Jul record low C = 15.5
| Aug record low C = 16.0
| Sep record low C = 10.4
| Oct record low C = 3.0
| Nov record low C = 1.4
| Dec record low C = -2.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 47.7
| Feb rain mm = 38.5
| Mar rain mm = 42.3
| Apr rain mm = 25.5
| May rain mm = 14.3
| Jun rain mm = 5.4
| Jul rain mm = 6.3
| Aug rain mm = 6.2
| Sep rain mm = 12.3
| Oct rain mm = 45.9
| Nov rain mm = 60.1
| Dec rain mm = 62.0
| Jan rain days = 12.9
| Feb rain days = 11.4
| Mar rain days = 11.3
| Apr rain days = 9.3
| May rain days = 6.4
| Jun rain days = 3.6
| Jul rain days = 1.7
| Aug rain days = 1.6
| Sep rain days = 4.7
| Oct rain days = 8.6
| Nov rain days = 10.9
| Dec rain days = 13.5
| Jan humidity = 69.3
| Feb humidity = 68.0
| Mar humidity = 65.9
| Apr humidity = 62.2
| May humidity = 58.2
| Jun humidity = 51.8
| Jul humidity = 46.6
| Aug humidity = 46.8
| Sep humidity = 54.0
| Oct humidity = 62.6
| Nov humidity = 69.2
| Dec humidity = 70.4
| Jan sun = 130.2
| Feb sun = 134.4
| Mar sun = 182.9
| Apr sun = 231.0
| May sun = 291.4
| Jun sun = 336.0
| Jul sun = 362.7
| Aug sun = 341.0
| Sep sun = 276.0
| Oct sun = 207.7
| Nov sun = 153.0
| Dec sun = 127.1
| source 1 = [[HNMS]] (1955–2010 normals)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climatic Data for selected stations in Greece: Elliniko (Elliniko) |url=http://www.hnms.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=Attiki&poli=Athens_Hellinikon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205131656/http://www.hnms.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=Attiki&poli=Athens_Hellinikon |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (Extremes 1961–1990),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimatafel von Athen Flughafen (Hellinikon) / Griechenland |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_167160_kt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612160622/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_167160_kt.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst}}</ref> Info Climat (Extremes 1991–present)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climatic Data for selected stations in Greece: Athens Airport |url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/athinai-airport-athenes/valeurs/16716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205131829/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/athinai-airport-athenes/valeurs/16716.html |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1348003628360073223 |user=EKMeteo |title=Aussi 22.4°C #Athènes-Ellinikon record mensuel à la station |date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |language=French |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202836/https://twitter.com/EKMeteo/status/1348003628360073223 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |url-status=live |first=Etienne |last=Kapikian}}</ref>
| source = 
}}
{{Weather box
|location     = [[Nea Filadelfia]], Athens (1955–2010)
|metric first = y
|single line  = y
|collapsed    = y
|Jan high C   = 12.6
|Feb high C   = 13.6
|Mar high C   = 16.0
|Apr high C   = 20.3
|May high C   = 26.2
|Jun high C   = 31.4
|Jul high C   = 33.8
|Aug high C   = 33.6
|Sep high C   = 29.2
|Oct high C   = 23.5
|Nov high C   = 18.1
|Dec high C   = 14.1

|Jan mean C = 8.8
|Feb mean C = 9.3
|Mar mean C = 11.3
|Apr mean C = 15.3
|May mean C = 21.0
|Jun mean C = 26.0
|Jul mean C = 28.3
|Aug mean C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 23.4
|Oct mean C = 18.4
|Nov mean C = 13.7
|Dec mean C = 10.2

|Jan low C = 5.4
|Feb low C = 5.5
|Mar low C = 6.9
|Apr low C = 9.9
|May low C = 14.2
|Jun low C = 18.7
|Jul low C = 21.3
|Aug low C = 21.2
|Sep low C = 17.6
|Oct low C = 13.8
|Nov low C = 10.0
|Dec low C = 6.9

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 53.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 43.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 41.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 28.5
|May precipitation mm = 20.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 9.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 7.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 6.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 19.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 48.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 61.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.2

|Jan precipitation days = 12.0
|Feb precipitation days = 10.6
|Mar precipitation days = 10.2
|Apr precipitation days = 8.3
|May precipitation days = 5.8
|Jun precipitation days = 3.4
|Jul precipitation days = 1.9
|Aug precipitation days = 1.6
|Sep precipitation days = 4.1
|Oct precipitation days = 7.4
|Nov precipitation days = 10.1
|Dec precipitation days = 12.5

|Jan humidity = 74.4
|Feb humidity = 72.0
|Mar humidity = 68.4
|Apr humidity = 61.7
|May humidity = 53.4
|Jun humidity = 45.7
|Jul humidity = 42.9
|Aug humidity = 45.4
|Sep humidity = 54.6
|Oct humidity = 66.1
|Nov humidity = 74.5
|Dec humidity = 76.2

|source 1 = [[HNMS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate: Nea Filadelfia, Attiki (Greece) |url=http://www.emy.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507075409/http://www.emy.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
}}