Aramaic

=== Biblical Aramaic ===
[[Biblical Aramaic]] is the Aramaic found in four discrete sections of the [[Bible]]:

* [[Book of Ezra|Ezra]]<ref>{{bibleref2-nb|Ezra|4:8–6:18|NKJV}} and {{bibleref2-nb|Ezra|7:12–26|KJV}}</ref> – documents from the Achaemenid period (5th century BC) concerning the restoration of the temple in Jerusalem.
* [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]<ref>{{bibleref2-nb|Daniel|2:4b–7:28|NKJV}}</ref> – five tales and an apocalyptic vision.{{sfn|Hasel|1981|pp=211–25}}
* [[Jeremiah 10:11]] – a single sentence in the middle of a Hebrew text denouncing idolatry.
* [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]<ref>{{bibleref2-nb|Genesis|31:47}}</ref> – translation of a Hebrew place-name.

Biblical Aramaic is a somewhat hybrid dialect. It is theorized that some Biblical Aramaic material originated in both Babylonia and Judaea before the fall of the Achaemenid dynasty.

Biblical Aramaic presented various challenges for writers who were engaged in early [[Biblical studies]]. Since the time of [[Jerome of Stridon]] (d. 420), Aramaic of the [[Bible]] was named as "Chaldean" (Chaldaic, Chaldee).{{sfn|Gallagher|2012|pp=123–41}} That label remained common in early [[Aramaic studies]], and persisted up into the nineteenth century. The "''[[Chaldean language (misnomer)|Chaldean misnomer]]''" was eventually abandoned, when modern scholarly analyses showed that Aramaic dialect used in Hebrew Bible was not related to [[ancient Chaldeans]] and their language.{{sfn|Nöldeke|1871|pp=113–31}}{{sfn|Kautzsch|1884a|pp=17–21}}{{sfn|Kautzsch|1884b|pp=110–13}}