2010 Haiti earthquake

==Early response==
{{Main|Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Humanitarian response by non-governmental organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|Humanitarian response by for-profit organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake}}
[[File:2010 Haiti earthquake relief efforts by the US Army.jpg|thumb|right|Heavy-lift helicopters ferry water from the offshore flotilla, 15 January.]]
Appeals for [[humanitarian aid]] were issued by many aid organizations, the United Nations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Haiti-Earthquake-Tensions-Mount-Over-Lack-Of-Aid-As-UN-Launches-Emergency-Appeal/Article/201001315525044?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15525044_Haiti_Earthquake%3A_Tensions_Mount_Over_Lack_Of_Aid_As_UN_Launches_Emergency_Appeal_|title=Tensions Mount in Haiti Amid Plea For Aid|publisher=Sky News|access-date=16 January 2010|date=16 January 2010|first1=James|last1=Jordan|first2=Huw|last2=Borland|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502113707/https://news.sky.com/?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15525044_Haiti_Earthquake%3A_Tensions_Mount_Over_Lack_Of_Aid_As_UN_Launches_Emergency_Appeal_|url-status=live}}</ref> and president René Préval. [[Raymond Joseph]], Haiti's ambassador to the United States,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake.dominican.republic/index.html |title=Dominican Republic aid to Haiti eases historic tensions |publisher=CNN |date= 14 January 2010|access-date=15 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114065746/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake.dominican.republic/index.html| archive-date= 14 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> and his nephew, singer [[Wyclef Jean]],<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti.aid/ "Appeals for aid after quake strikes Haiti"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116111403/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti.aid/ |date=16 January 2010 }} CNN, 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</ref> who was called upon by Préval to become a "roving ambassador" for Haiti,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.today.com/news/wyclef-jean-be-haiti-s-roving-ambassador-wbna16459449|title=Wyclef Jean to be Haiti's roving ambassador|agency=Reuters|date=3 January 2007|publisher=[[Today.com]]|access-date=13 January 2010|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716080414/http://www.today.com/news/wyclef-jean-be-haiti-s-roving-ambassador-wbna16459449|url-status=live}}</ref> also pleaded for aid and donations. Images and testimonials circulating after the earthquake across the internet and through social media helped to intensify the reaction of global engagement.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCosker|first=Anthony|title=De-framing disaster: affective encounters with raw and autonomous media|journal=Continuum|year=2013|volume=27|issue=3|page=382|doi=10.1080/10304312.2013.772109|hdl=1959.3/314720|s2cid=143899755|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Many countries responded to the appeals and launched fund-raising efforts, as well as sending search and rescue teams. The neighbouring [[Dominican Republic]] was the first country to give aid to Haiti,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> sending water, food and heavy-lifting machinery.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1">{{cite web|author=Rocio Diaz |url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/14/dominican-republic-helping-neighboring-haiti-after-earthquake/ |title=Dominican Republic: Helping Neighboring Haiti After Earthquake |publisher=Global Voices Online |access-date=15 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100119023006/http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/14/dominican-republic-helping-neighboring-haiti-after-earthquake/| archive-date= 19 January 2010 | url-status= live|date=14 January 2010 }}</ref> The hospitals in the Dominican Republic were made available; a combined effort of the Airports Department (DA), together with the Dominican Naval Auxiliaries, the UN and other parties formed the Dominican-Haitian Aerial Support Bridge, making the main Dominican airports available for support operations to Haiti. The Dominican website FlyDominicanRepublic.com<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flydominicanrepublic.com/ |title=flydominicanrepublic.com |publisher=flydominicanrepublic.com |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427064520/http://www.flydominicanrepublic.com/ |archive-date=27 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> made available to the internet, daily updates on airport information and news from the operations center on the Dominican side.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1"/> The Dominican emergency team assisted more than 2,000 injured people, while the Dominican Institute of Telecommunications (Indotel) helped with the restoration of some telephone services.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1"/> The [[Dominican Red Cross]] coordinated early medical relief in conjunction with the International Red Cross.<ref name="globalvoicesonline1"/> The government sent eight mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including orthopaedic specialists, traumatologists, anaesthetists, and surgeons. In addition, 39 trucks carrying canned food were dispatched, along with 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks capable of producing 100,000 meals per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html |title=República Dominicana envía a Haití equipos de emergencia para ayudar en el rescate de las víctimas |publisher=Europa Press |date=18 September 2007 |access-date=15 January 2010 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406051436/http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 }}</ref>

[[File:AcampamentoHaiti2.jpg|thumb|left|Having lost their homes, many Haitians moved to live in precarious camps.]]

Other nations from farther afield also sent personnel, medicines, [[materiel]], and other aid to Haiti. The first team to arrive in Port-au-Prince was [[ICE-SAR]] from [[Iceland]], landing within 24&nbsp;hours of the earthquake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icesar.com/|title=The Icelandic urban SAR team has landed at Haiti|date=13 January 2010|publisher=ICESAR|access-date=23 January 2010|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220052649/http://www.icesar.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> A 50-member Chinese team arrived early Thursday morning.<ref>[http://english.cri.cn/6909/2010/01/15/45s542729.htm Chinese Team Offers Aid in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118085033/http://english.cri.cn/6909/2010/01/15/45s542729.htm |date=18 January 2010 }} CRIENGLISH.com, 15 January 2010</ref> From the Middle East, the government of [[Qatar]] sent a strategic transport aircraft (C-17), loaded with 50 tonnes of urgent relief materials and 26 members from the Qatari armed forces, the internal security force (Lekhwiya), police force and the Hamad Medical Corporation, to set up a field hospital and provide assistance in Port-au-Prince and other affected areas in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |title=Qatar joins global relief effort in Haiti |date=15 January 2010 |work=[[Gulf Times]] |access-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123070653/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |archive-date=23 January 2010 }}</ref> A rescue team sent by the [[Israel Defense Forces]]' [[Home Front Command]] established a field hospital near the United Nations building in Port-au-Prince with specialised facilities to treat children, the elderly, and women in labor. It was set up in eight hours and began operations on the evening of 16 January.<ref name='walla'>{{cite news | script-title =he:האסון בהאיטי: אלפים נמלטים מעיר הבירה Disaster in Haiti: Thousands flee from the capital | date =16 January 2010 | work =Walla News | url =http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//1632772 | access-date =17 January 2010 | language =he | archive-date =10 June 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110610125145/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=%2F%2F1632772 | url-status =live }}</ref> A Korean International Disaster Relief Team<ref>[http://www.rescue.go.kr/ 한국국제구호대, 대장 박청웅] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208195750/http://www.rescue.go.kr/ |date=8 February 2011 }} Korea Search and Rescue Team</ref> with 40 rescuers, medical doctors, nurses and 2&nbsp;k-9s was deployed to epicenters to assist mitigation efforts of Haitian Government.

The [[American Red Cross]] announced on 13 January that it had run out of supplies in Haiti and appealed for public donations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=186329|title=American Red Cross says it has run out of medical supplies in Haiti|last=Associated Press|date=13 January 2010|publisher=readingeagle.com|access-date=23 May 2011|archive-date=26 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926174053/http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=186329|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Giving Children Hope]] worked to get much-needed medicines and supplies on the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=weather/earthquake_center&id=7217433 |first=Eileen |last=Frere |title=Buena Park charity pack supplies for Haiti |publisher=ABC Local |date=13 January 2010 |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116174404/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=weather%2Fearthquake_center&id=7217433 |archive-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Partners in Health]] (PIH), the largest health care provider in rural Haiti, was able to provide some emergency care from its ten hospitals and clinics, all of which were outside the capital and undamaged.<ref name='pih1'>{{cite news|title=Trip to Port-au-Prince reveals more of the tragedy |date=14 January 2010 |publisher=[[Partners in Health]] |url=http://pih.org/inforesources/news/Haiti_Earthquake.html |access-date=14 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117071429/http://www.pih.org/inforesources/news/Haiti_Earthquake.html |archive-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> MINUSTAH had over 9,000 uniformed peacekeepers deployed to the area.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml
|title=Haiti – MINUSTAH – Facts and Figures
|publisher=United Nations
|access-date=1 February 2011
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110228150916/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml| archive-date= 28 February 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Most of these workers were initially involved in the search for survivors at the organization's collapsed headquarters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_vinson_haiti_update_011310w/|title=Carl Vinson, other ships headed to Haiti|last=Bacon|first=Lance M.|date=13 January 2010|publisher=Navy News|access-date=16 January 2010}}</ref>
[[File:USCG transfers Haitians to cutter for medical attention 2010-01-18.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Haitian survivors were transferred to rescue ships for medical aid.]]

The [[International Charter on Space and Major Disasters]] was activated, allowing satellite imagery of affected regions to be shared with rescue and aid organizations.<ref>Amos, Jonathan [https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jonathanamos/2010/01/how-satellites-are-being-used.shtml How satellites are being used in Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817232414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jonathanamos/2010/01/how-satellites-are-being-used.shtml |date=17 August 2020 }}, BBC News, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</ref> Members of [[social networking]] sites such as Twitter and Facebook spread messages and pleas to send help.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/science_technology/twitter+search+for+haiti+survivors+/3503342 Twitter search for Haiti survivors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118091500/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/science_technology/twitter+search+for+haiti+survivors+/3503342 |date=18 January 2010 }} Channel 4, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</ref> Facebook was overwhelmed by—and blocked—some users who were sending messages about updates.<ref>[http://miamiherald.typepad.com/poked/2010/01/facebook-users-in-haiti-say-theyre-being-blocke.html Facebook users in Haiti say some access has been blocked] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117082152/http://miamiherald.typepad.com/poked/2010/01/facebook-users-in-haiti-say-theyre-being-blocke.html |date=17 January 2010 }}, ''The Miami Herald'', 14 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.</ref> The American Red Cross set a record for mobile donations, raising US$7&nbsp;million in 24&nbsp;hours when they allowed people to send US$10 donations by text messages.<ref>Gross, Doug [http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/15/online.donations.haiti/index.html?hpt=T2 Social networks, texts boost fundraising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118221700/http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/01/15/online.donations.haiti/index.html?hpt=T2 |date=18 January 2010 }}, CNN, 14 January 2010</ref> The [[OpenStreetMap]] community responded to the disaster by greatly improving the level of mapping available for the area using post-earthquake satellite photography provided by [[GeoEye]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.okfn.org/2010/01/15/open-street-map-community-responds-to-haiti-crisis/|title=Open Street Map community responds to Haiti crisis|publisher=Open Knowledge Foundation|access-date=15 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100118183500/http://blog.okfn.org/2010/01/15/open-street-map-community-responds-to-haiti-crisis/| archive-date= 18 January 2010 | url-status= live|date=15 January 2010}}</ref> and [[crowdmapping]] website [[Ushahidi]] coordinated messages from multiple sites to assist Haitians still trapped and to keep families of survivors informed.<ref>Hesse, Monica, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011502650.html Crisis mapping brings online tool to Haitian disaster relief effort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115030406/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/15/AR2010011502650.html |date=15 November 2016 }} ''The Washington Post'', 16 January 2010</ref> Some [[online poker]] sites hosted poker tournaments with tournament fees, prizes or both going to disaster relief charities.<ref>Stephen A. Murphy, [http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/8320-poker-sites-matching-players-donations-to-haiti Poker Sites Matching Players' Donations to Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119031950/http://www.cardplayer.com/poker-news/8320-poker-sites-matching-players-donations-to-haiti |date=19 January 2010 }}, Card Player Magazine, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</ref> [[Google Earth]] updated its coverage of Port-au-Prince on 17 January, showing the earthquake-ravaged city.

Easing refugee immigration into Canada was discussed by Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]],<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/15/haiti-canada-immigration.html Canada considers fast-tracking Haitian immigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117044831/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/15/haiti-canada-immigration.html |date=17 January 2010 }}, CBC News, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.</ref> and in the US Haitians were granted [[Temporary protected status]], a measure that permits about 100,000 illegal alien Haitians in the United States to stay legally for 18&nbsp;months, and halts the deportations of 30,000 more, though it does not apply to Haitians outside the US.<ref>{{cite news |author= Stone, Rick |date= 14 January 2010 |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122567003 |title= Miami's 'Little Haiti' Neighborhood Waits For News |publisher= NPR |access-date= 14 January 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100121174419/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122567003| archive-date= 21 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>Preston, Julia [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/americas/16immig.html?hp Haitians in U.S. Illegally Given Protected Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314210348/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/16/world/americas/16immig.html|date=14 March 2017 }}, ''The New York Times'', 15 January 2010</ref> Local and state agencies in [[South Florida]], together with the US government, began implementing a plan ("Operation Vigilant Sentry") for a mass migration from the Caribbean that had been laid out in 2003.<ref>McGrory, Kathleen [http://www.miamiherald.com/460/story/1429883.html Krome detention center readied for possible influx of Haitians], ''The Miami Herald'', 17 January 2010 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Several orphanages were destroyed in the earthquake. After the process for the adoption of 400 children by families in the US and the Netherlands was expedited,<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/17/haiti.orphans/index.html?hpt=T1 Haitian orphans rushed to new homes abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121105841/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/17/haiti.orphans/index.html?hpt=T1 |date=21 January 2010 }}, CNN, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</ref> [[Unicef]] and [[SOS Children]] urged an immediate halt to [[adoption]]s from Haiti.<ref name=guardian1-21>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/haiti-aftershock-port-au-prince-orphans US sends 4,000 more troops to Haiti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211716/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/20/haiti-aftershock-port-au-prince-orphans |date=7 March 2016 }}, ''The Guardian'', 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_groups_urge_adoption_freeze_fearing_kids_kin_may_be_alive.html |title=Haiti earthquake: Groups urge adoption freeze, believing kids' kin may be alive |work=Daily News|location=New York |date= 21 January 2010|access-date=22 January 2010 | first=Rich | last=Schapiro | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100124053907/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_groups_urge_adoption_freeze_fearing_kids_kin_may_be_alive.html| archive-date= 24 January 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Jasmine Whitbread, chief executive of [[Save the Children]] said: "The vast majority of the children currently on their own still have family members alive who will be desperate to be reunited with them and will be able to care for them with the right support. Taking children out of the country would permanently separate thousands of children from their families—a separation that would compound the acute trauma they are already suffering and inflict long-term damage on their chances of recovery."<ref name=guardian1-21/> However, several organizations were planning an airlift of thousands of orphaned children to South Florida on humanitarian visas, modelled on a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named "[[Operation Peter Pan|Pedro Pan]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=Chardy, Alphonso |author2=Bustos, Sergio |date=14 January 2010 |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking-news/story/1425090.html |title=Church, immigrant groups plan to airlift Haitian orphans to S. Florida |work=The Miami Herald |access-date=14 January 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 29 January 2010, a group of ten American [[Baptist]] [[missionary|missionaries]] from [[Idaho]] attempted to cross the Haiti-Dominican Republic border with 33 Haitian children. The group, known as the [[New Life Children's Refuge case|New Life Children's Refuge]], did not have proper authorization for transporting the children and were arrested on kidnapping charges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/04/haiti.arrests/index.html|title=U.S. missionaries charged with kidnapping in Haiti - CNN|date=5 February 2010|language=en|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004160359/http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/02/04/haiti.arrests/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Canadian government worked to expedite around 100 adoption cases that were already underway when the earthquake struck, issuing temporary permits and waiving regular processing fees; the federal government also announced that it would cover adopted children's healthcare costs upon their arrival in Canada until they could be covered under provincially administered public healthcare plans.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/20/kenney-haiti-adoption.html Canada hopes to 'fast-track' Haitian adoptions: Kenney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123182158/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/20/kenney-haiti-adoption.html |date=23 January 2010 }}, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</ref>