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Do not fill this in! == Tools, materials, and motivations to write == {{See also|Writing implement}} Any instance of writing involves a complex interaction among available tools, intentions, cultural customs, cognitive routines, genres, tacit and explicit knowledge, and the constraints and limitations of the writing system(s) deployed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jakobs |first1=Eva-Maria |title=Handbook of writing and text production |last2=Perrin |first2=Daniel |publisher=De Gruyter / Mouton |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-11-022063-6 |page=8 |chapter=Introduction and research roadmap: Writing and text production}}</ref> Inscriptions have been made with [[finger]]s, [[stylus]]es, [[quill]]s, [[ink brush]]es, [[pencil]]s, [[pen]]s, and many styles of [[lithography]]; surfaces used for these inscriptions include [[stone tablet]]s, [[clay tablet]]s, bamboo slats, [[papyrus]], [[wax tablet]]s, [[vellum]], [[parchment]], [[paper]], [[intaglio printing|copperplate]], [[Blackboard|slate]], [[porcelain]], and other [[Whiteboard|enameled surfaces]]. The Incas used knotted cords known as [[quipu]] (or khipu) for keeping records.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Khipu Database Project |url=http://khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135315/http://khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu/index.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=2 November 2008}}</ref> Countless writing tools and surfaces have been improvised throughout history (as the cases of [[graffiti]], [[tattoo]]ing, and impromptu aides-memoire illustrate). The [[typewriter]] and subsequently various digital [[word processor]]s have recently become widespread writing tools, and studies have compared the ways in which [[writer]]s have framed the experience of writing with such tools as compared with the pen or pencil.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Observing Writing: Insights from Keystroke Logging and Handwriting |publisher=Brill |year=2019 |isbn=978-90-04-39251-9 |editor-last=Lindgren |editor-first=E. |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |editor-last2=Sullivan |editor-first2=K.}}</ref> Word processors include, often [[Multiple-document interface|multi-document]], [[text editor]]s or [[Comparison of note-taking software|note-taking apps]], [[World Wide Web|Web]] systems ([[search engine]]s, [[Wiki]]s, etc.), messaging software (chat apps, [[e-mail]] [[user interface|UIs]], etc.), or their underlying [[operating system]]s' code supporting the text [[input device]](s). Advancements in [[natural language processing]] and [[natural language generation]] allow certain tools (in the form of [[software]]) to produce certain kinds of highly formulaic writing (e.g., weather forecasts and brief sports reporting) without the direct involvement of humans<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reiter |first1=Ehud |title=Building Natural Language Generation Systems. |last2=Dale |first2=Robert |publisher=Cambridge UP |year=2000 |isbn=978-0511519857}}</ref> after initial configuration or, more commonly, to be used to support writing processes such as generating initial drafts, producing feedback with the help of a rubric, copy-editing, and [[machine translation|helping translation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katsnelson |first1=Alla |title=Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better |journal=Nature |pages=208–209 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9 |date=29 August 2022|volume=609 |issue=7925 |pmid=36038730 |bibcode=2022Natur.609..208K |s2cid=251931306 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dzieza |first1=Josh |title=Can AI write good novels? |url=https://www.theverge.com/c/23194235/ai-fiction-writing-amazon-kindle-sudowrite-jasper |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=The Verge |date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114137/https://www.theverge.com/c/23194235/ai-fiction-writing-amazon-kindle-sudowrite-jasper |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AI Writing Assistants: A Cure for Writer's Block or Modern-Day Clippy? |url=https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/ai-writing-assistants-a-cure-for-writers-block-or-modern-day-clippy |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=PCMAG |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123173826/https://www.pcmag.com/how-to/ai-writing-assistants-a-cure-for-writers-block-or-modern-day-clippy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Song |first1=Victoria |title=Google's new prototype AI tool does the writing for you |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/2/23435258/google-ai-writing-wordcraft-lamda |access-date=16 November 2022 |work=The Verge |date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207035316/https://www.theverge.com/2022/11/2/23435258/google-ai-writing-wordcraft-lamda |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Image:Olin-Warner-LoC-tympanum-Highsmith.jpeg|thumb|300px|[[Olin Levi Warner]], [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] representing Writing, above exterior of main entrance doors, [[Thomas Jefferson Building]], Washington DC, 1896]] Writing technologies from different eras coexist easily in many homes and workplaces. During the course of a day or even a single episode of writing, for example, a writer might instinctively switch among a pencil, a touchscreen, a text-editor, a whiteboard, a legal pad, and adhesive notes as different purposes arise.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Hara |first1=Kenton P. |last2=Taylor |first2=Alex |last3=Newman |first3=William |last4=Sellen |first4=Abigail J. |date=2002 |title=Understanding the materiality of writing from multiple sources |journal= International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=269–305|doi=10.1006/ijhc.2001.0525 }}</ref> === Motivations and purposes === As human societies emerged, collective motivations for the [[development of writing]] were driven by pragmatic exigencies like keeping track of produce and other wealth, recording [[history]], maintaining [[culture]], codifying knowledge through [[Curriculum|curricula]] and lists of texts deemed to contain foundational knowledge (e.g., ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'') or to be artistically exceptional (e.g., a [[literary canon]]), organizing and governing societies through the formation of [[legal systems]], [[census]] records, [[contract]]s, [[deed]]s of ownership, [[tax]]ation, [[trade agreement]]s, [[Treaty|treaties]], and so on.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Jack |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/124074929 |title=Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text |date=2008 |publisher=L. Erlbaum Associates |isbn=978-0-8058-4870-0 |editor-last=Bazerman |editor-first=Charles |location=New York |pages=177–190 |chapter=The Collection and Organization of Written Knowledge |oclc=124074929}}</ref> Amateur historians, including [[H.G. Wells]], had speculated since the early 20th century on the likely correspondence between the emergence of [[Writing system|systems of writing]] and the development of [[city-state]]s into [[empire]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Short History of the World|title-link=A Short History of the World (H. G. Wells)|last=Wells|first=H. G.|year=1922|page=41}}</ref> As [[Charles Bazerman]] explains, the "marking of signs on stones, clay, paper, and now digital memories—each more portable and rapidly traveling than the previous—provided means for increasingly coordinated and extended action as well as memory across larger groups of people over time and space."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bazerman|first=Charles|url=https://wac.colostate.edu/docs/books/literateaction/v2/theory.pdf|title=A Theory of Literate Action, Vol. 2|publisher=Parlor Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-60235-477-7|location=Anderson, SC|pages=193|chapter=Literacy and the Organization of Society|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822012440/https://wac.colostate.edu/docs/books/literateaction/v2/theory.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in [[Mesopotamia]] outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method for the permanent recording and presentation of transactions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=M.W. |date=1981 |title=The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System. |journal=Visible Language |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=345–372 |issn=0022-2224}}</ref> In both [[ancient Egypt]] and [[Mesoamerica]], on the other hand, writing may have evolved through calendric and political necessities for recording historical and environmental events.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=John D. |date=1986 |title=The Emergence of Writing in Egypt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/124697 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=307–316 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1986.9979972 |jstor=124697 |issn=0043-8243 |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206142739/https://www.jstor.org/stable/124697 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Justeson |first=John S. |date=1986 |title=The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/124706 |journal=World Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=437–458 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981 |jstor=124706 |issn=0043-8243 |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206142741/https://www.jstor.org/stable/124706 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further innovations included more uniform, predictable, and widely dispersed legal systems, the distribution of accessible versions of [[Religious text|sacred texts]], and furthering practices of [[Models of scientific inquiry|scientific inquiry]] and [[Knowledge management|knowledge consolidation]], all of which were largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of inscribed language. The [[history of writing]] is co-extensive with uses of writing and the elaboration of [[Soft systems methodology#Human activity system|activity systems]] that give rise to and circulate writing. Individual, as opposed to collective, motivations for writing include improvised additional capacity for the limitations of human [[memory]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutchins |first=Edwin |title=Cognition in the Wild |publisher=MIT Press |year=1995 |isbn=9-780262-581462 |location=Cambridge MA}}</ref> (e.g., [[Time management|to-do lists]], [[recipe]]s, reminders, [[logbook]]s, [[map]]s, the proper sequence for a complicated task or important [[ritual]]), dissemination of ideas and coordination (as in an [[essay]], [[monograph]], [[Broadside (printing)|broadside]], [[plan]]s, (code) [[Issue tracking system|issues]], [[petition]], or [[manifesto]]), imaginative narratives and other forms of [[storytelling]], maintaining [[kinship]] and other social networks,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Christiansen |first=M. Sidury |date=2017 |title=Creating a Unique Transnational Place: Deterritorialized Discourse and the Blending of Time and Space in Online Media |journal=Written Communication |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=135–164|doi=10.1177/0741088317693996 |s2cid=151827910 }}</ref> negotiating household matters with [[Business correspondence|providers]] of goods and services and with local and regional governing [[Activism|bodies]], and [[Life writing|lifewriting]] (e.g., a [[diary]] or journal). The nearly global spread of digital [[communication]] systems such as [[e-mail]] and [[social media]] has made writing an increasingly important feature of daily life, where these systems mix with older technologies like paper, pencils, whiteboards, printers, and copiers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sterponi |first1=Laura |last2=Zucchermaglio |first2=Cristina |last3=Alby |first3=Francesca |last4=Fatigante |first4=Marilena |title=Endangered Literacies? Affordances of Paper-Based Literacy in Medical Practice and Its Persistence in the Transition to Digital Technology |journal=Written Communication |date=October 2017 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=359–386 |doi=10.1177/0741088317723304 |s2cid=149050969 }}</ref> Substantial amounts of everyday writing characterize most workplaces in [[Developed country|developed countries]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brandt|first=Deborah|title=The Rise of Writing|publisher=Cambridge UP|year=2015|isbn=978-1-107-46211-3}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}</ref> In many occupations (e.g., [[Lawyer|law]], [[accounting]], [[software design]], [[Human resource management|human resources]], etc.), written documentation is not only the main deliverable but also the mode of work itself.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jakobs |first1=Eva-Marie |title=Handbook of Writing and Text Production |last2=Spinuzzi |first2=Clay |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-11-022063-6 |page=360 |chapter=Professional Domains: Writing as Creation of Economic Value}}</ref> Even in occupations not typically associated with writing, routine [[workflow]]s (maintaining [[Records management|records]], [[Incident report|reporting incidents]], record-keeping, [[inventory]]-tracking, documenting [[sales]], [[Timesheet|accounting for time]], fielding inquiries from clients, etc.) have most employees writing at least some of the time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beaufort|first=Anne|title=Handbook of Research on Writing: History, Society, School, Individual, Text|publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8058-4870-0|location=New York|pages=221–237|chapter=Writing in the Professions}}</ref> The following section offers examples of how writing constitutes much of the labor of many modern careers. 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