Wine

== History ==
[[File:Areni-1 cave entrance.jpg|thumb|The [[Areni-1 winery|Areni-1 cave]] in [[Armenia]] is home to the world's oldest known winery.]]
{{Main|History of wine}}
The earliest known traces of wine are from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] ({{circa|lk=no|6000}} BCE),<ref name="archeologyMethodTheory2014322">{{cite journal|last=Doce|first=Elisa Guerra|year=2004|title=The Origins of Inebriation: Archaeological Evidence of the Consumption of Fermented Beverages and Drugs in Prehistoric Eurasia|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z|journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory]]|volume=22|issue=3| pages=751–782 | doi=10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z | s2cid=143750976 }}</ref><ref name="[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] made 'world's oldest wine'" /> [[Iran]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]) ({{circa|lk=no|5000}} BCE),<ref name="indie">{{cite news|url=http://www.penn.museum/blog/collection/125th-anniversary-object-of-the-day/7000-year-old-wine-jar-object-of-the-day-24/|title=7,000 Year-old Wine Jar|last=Ellsworth|first=Amy|date=18 July 2012|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-date=26 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826123906/http://www.penn.museum/blog/collection/125th-anniversary-object-of-the-day/7000-year-old-wine-jar-object-of-the-day-24/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="archaeology96">{{cite journal|last=Berkowitz|first=Mark|year=1996|title=World's Earliest Wine|url=http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/wine.html|journal=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]|publisher=[[Archaeological Institute of America]]|volume=49|issue=5|access-date=17 November 2005|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605195324/http://www.archaeology.org/9609/newsbriefs/wine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Armenia]] ({{Circa|4100 BCE}}),<ref name="Earliest known winery">{{cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=National Geographic: Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/ |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-date=3 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603205116/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Sicily]] ({{circa|lk=no|4000}} BCE).<ref name="SicilyGuardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/aug/30/traces-of-6000-year-old-wine-discovered-in-sicilian-cave|title=Traces of 6,000-year-old wine discovered in Sicilian cave|last=Tondo|first=Lorenzo|date=30 August 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014043855/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/aug/30/traces-of-6000-year-old-wine-discovered-in-sicilian-cave|url-status=live}}</ref> Wine reached the [[Balkans]] by 4500&nbsp;BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient [[ancient Greece and wine|Greece]], [[Thracians|Thrace]] and [[Ancient Rome and wine|Rome]]. Throughout history, wine has been consumed for its [[Alcohol intoxication|intoxicating effects]].<ref name="BAC per Drink tables">{{Cite web|url=https://attorneydwi.com/b-a-c-per-drink/|title=B.A.C. Per Drink|date=6 October 2018|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401193710/https://attorneydwi.com/b-a-c-per-drink/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Effects at Specific B.A.C. Levels">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brad21.org/effects_at_specific_bac.html|title=Effects at Specific B.A.C. Levels|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607212047/http://www.brad21.org/effects_at_specific_bac.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicr.org/press/health-features/health-talk/2014/mar14/wine-serving-size.html|title=wine-serving-size|website=American Institute for Cancer Research|date=3 March 2014|access-date=2016-12-13|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111644/http://www.aicr.org/press/health-features/health-talk/2014/mar14/wine-serving-size.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence for grape wine and viniculture, dating to 6000–5800 BCE was found on the territory of modern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite news |title='World's oldest wine' found in 8,000-year-old jars in Georgia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041222/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41977709 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGovern |first1=Patrick |last2=Jalabadze |first2=Mindia |last3=Batiuk |first3=Stephen |last4=Callahan |first4=Michael P. |last5=Smith |first5=Karen E. |last6=Hall |first6=Gretchen R. |last7=Kvavadze |first7=Eliso |last8=Maghradze |first8=David |last9=Rusishvili |first9=Nana |last10=Bouby |first10=Laurent |last11=Failla |first11=Osvaldo |last12=Cola |first12=Gabriele |last13=Mariani |first13=Luigi |last14=Boaretto |first14=Elisabetta |last15=Bacilieri |first15=Roberto |last16=This |first16=Patrice |last17=Wales |first17=Nathan |last18=Lordkipanidze |first18=David |title=Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=28 November 2017 |volume=114 |issue=48 |pages=E10309–E10318 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1714728114|pmid=29133421 |pmc=5715782 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11410309M |display-authors=2|doi-access=free }}</ref> Both archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that the earliest production of wine elsewhere was relatively later, likely having taken place in the [[Caucasus|Southern Caucasus]] (which encompasses [[Armenia]], Georgia and [[Azerbaijan]]), or the [[West Asia]]n region between [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern Turkey]], and northern [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-beer-archaeologist-17016372/?no-ist|title=The Beer Archaeologist|first=Abigail|last=Tucker|date=August 2011|work=Smithsonian Magazine|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202085143/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-beer-archaeologist-17016372/?no-ist|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=82 |title=Grape Wine |last=McGovern |first=Patrick E. |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906045247/https://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=82 |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest known winery from 4100 BCE is the [[Areni-1 winery]] in [[Armenia]].<ref name="Earliest known winery" /><ref name="IOAUCLA">{{Cite web |title=Backdirt &#124; UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology |url=https://ioa.ucla.edu/content/backdirt |website=ioa.ucla.edu |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130205739/https://ioa.ucla.edu/content/backdirt |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Hay pers.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Detail of a relief of the eastern stairs of the [[Apadana]], [[Persepolis]], depicting [[Armenians]] bringing an amphora, probably of wine, to the king]]

A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with [[rice]] to produce [[fermented drink]]s in ancient [[China]] in the early years of the seventh millennium BCE. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of [[Jiahu]], [[Henan]], contained traces of [[tartaric acid]] and other organic compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as [[Common hawthorn|hawthorn]], cannot be ruled out.<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal | title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China | publisher=The National Academy of Sciences | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | first=Patrick E. |last=McGovern| date=30 September 2003|display-authors=etal | doi=10.1073/pnas.0407921102 | volume=101 | issue=51 | pages=17593–17598 | pmid=15590771 | pmc=539767| bibcode=2004PNAS..10117593M | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219134133.htm | publisher=ScienceDaily LLC | work=ScienceDaily | title=Penn Museum Archaeochemist And International Scholars Confirm 9,000-Year History of Chinese Fermented Beverages | date=24 December 2004 | access-date=28 February 2018 | archive-date=23 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823121103/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041219134133.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> If these drinks, which seem to be the precursors of [[rice wine]], included grapes rather than other fruits, they would have been any of the several dozen indigenous wild species in China, rather than ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', which was introduced 6000 years later.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref name="Li_et_al">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Hua |last2=Wang |first2=Hua |last3=Li |first3=Huanmei |last4=Goodman |first4=Steve |last5=Van Der Lee |first5=Paul |last6=Xu |first6=Zhimin |last7=Fortunato |first7=Alessio |last8=Yang |first8=Ping |year=2018 |title=The worlds of wine: Old, new and ancient |journal=Wine Economics and Policy |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=178–182 |doi=10.1016/j.wep.2018.10.002 |doi-access=free|hdl=10419/194558 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Li&Bardaji">{{citation |last1=Li |first1=Yuanbo |last2=Bardaji |first2=Isabel |title=New wine world from Asia Development, regional comparison and opportunities for the wine industry in China |publisher=Universidad Politécnica de Madrid |date=2018 |pages=1 |url=http://oa.upm.es/47964/1/INVE_MEM_2017_261872.pdf |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523212541/https://oa.upm.es/47964/1/INVE_MEM_2017_261872.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cañete_et_al">{{cite journal |last1=Cañete |first1=Eduardo |url=https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/17421/sensors-18-00803.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Smart Winery: A Real-Time Monitoring System for Structural Health and Ullage in Fino Style Wine Casks |last2=Chen |first2=Jaime |last3=Martín |first3=Cristian |last4=Rubio |first4=Bartolomé |journal=Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=3 |publisher=MDPI |page=2 |doi=10.3390/s18030803 |pmid=29518928 |pmc=5876521 |bibcode=2018Senso..18..803C |doi-access=free |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016101904/https://helvia.uco.es/bitstream/handle/10396/17421/sensors-18-00803.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="archeologyMethodTheory2014322"/>

In 2020, a 2,600-year-old well-preserved [[Phoenicians|Phoenician]] wine press was excavated at Tell el-Burak, south of [[Sidon]] in [[Lebanon]], probably devoted to making wine for trading in their colonies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Metcalfe |first1=Tom |title=2,600-year-old wine 'factory' unearthed in Lebanon |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/2600-year-old-wine-factory-unearthed-lebanon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317051554/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/2600-year-old-wine-factory-unearthed-lebanon |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2021 |access-date=9 October 2023 |publisher=National Geographic}}</ref> The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians, who spread outward from a base of [[city-state]]s along the [[Mediterranean]] coast centered around modern day [[Lebanon]] (as well as including small parts of [[Israel]]/[[Gaza Strip|Palestine]] and coastal [[Syria]]);<ref>{{cite book |last=McGovern |first=Patrick E. |date=2003 |title=Ancient wine: the search for the origins of viniculture |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691070803}}</ref> however, the [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic culture]] in Sardinia already had a custom of consuming wine before the arrival of the Phoenicians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://preistoriadelcibo.iipp.it/contributi/3_32.pdf |title=La vita e il vino nella Sardegna nuragica |publisher=Preistoria del Cibo |language=it |first1=Mauro |last1=Perra |last2=Lo Schiavo |first2=Fulvia |first4=Philippe |last4=Marinval |first3=Nicolas |last3=Garnier |date=October 2015 |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803044412/http://preistoriadelcibo.iipp.it/contributi/3_32.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/26617302 |title=La Tomba di Giganti del nuraghe Arrubiu di Orroli (CA), o "La Tomba della Spada" |first1=Mauro |last1=Perra |first2=Philippe |last2=Marinval |first3=Ornella |last3=Fonzo |first4=Nicolas |last4=Garnier |language=it |journal=Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche |date=2015 |via=academia.edu |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016101902/https://www.academia.edu/26617302 |url-status=live }}</ref> The wines of [[Byblos]] were exported to Egypt during the [[Old Kingdom]] and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence for this includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BCE, found with their cargoes of wine still intact, which were discovered by [[Robert Ballard]]<ref>MIT technology helps map ancient Phoenician shipwrecks MIT press release.</ref> As the first great traders in wine (''cherem''), the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of olive oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin, similar to [[retsina]].

The earliest remains of [[Persepolis|Apadana Palace]] in [[Persepolis]] dating back to 515 BCE include carvings depicting soldiers from [[Achaemenid Empire]] subject nations bringing gifts to the Achaemenid king, among them [[Armenians]] bringing their famous [[Armenian wine|wine]].

Literary references to wine are abundant in [[Homer]] (8th century BCE, but possibly relating earlier compositions), [[Alkman]] (7th century BCE), and others. In [[ancient Egypt]], six of 36 wine [[amphora]]s were found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]] bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief [[vintner]]. Five of these amphoras were designated as originating from the king's personal estate, with the sixth from the estate of the royal house of [[Aten]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Johnson |first=Hugh | title=Vintage: The Story of Wine | page=[https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/32 32] | publisher=Simon and Schuster | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-671-68702-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/32 }}</ref> Traces of wine have also been found in central Asian [[Xinjiang]] in modern-day China, dating from the second and first millennia BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm |title=Wine Production in China |access-date=25 June 2008 |last1=Rong |first1=Xu Gan |first2=Bao Tong |last2=Fa |work=Grandiose Survey of Chinese Alcoholic Drinks and Beverages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828140517/http://www.sytu.edu.cn/zhgjiu/u5-2.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008 }}</ref>

[[File:29-autunno,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|thumb|right|[[Pressing wine]] after the harvest; ''Tacuinum Sanitatis'', 14th century]]
The first known mention of [[grape]]-based wines in [[India]] is from the late 4th-century BCE writings of [[Chanakya]], the chief minister of Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent indulgence of a style of wine known as ''madhu''.<ref name="Oxford pg 355-356">{{cite book |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Robinson |title=The Oxford Companion to Wine |edition=Third |pages=355–356 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2006 |isbn=0-19-860990-6}}</ref>

The [[Ancient Rome and wine|ancient Romans]] planted vineyards near garrison towns so wine could be produced locally rather than shipped over long distances. Some of these areas are now world-renowned for wine production.<ref>{{cite book |first=H. |last=Johnson |title=Vintage: The Story of Wine |pages=82–89 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |date=1989 |isbn=0-671-68702-6}}</ref> The Romans discovered that burning sulfur candles inside empty wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.practicalwinery.com/janfeb09/page1.htm |work=Practical Winery & Vineyard Journal |issue=January/February 2009 |last=Henderson |first=Pat |title=Sulfur Dioxide: Science behind this anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, wine additive |date=1 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928111625/http://www.practicalwinery.com/janfeb09/page1.htm|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> In [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]], the [[Roman Catholic Church]] supported wine because the clergy required it for the [[Eucharist (Catholic Church)|Mass]]. [[Monk]]s in [[France]] made wine for years, aging it in caves.<ref name="Phillips pg 62-63">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rod |title=A Short History of Wine |date=12 November 2002 |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-06-093737-9 |pages=62–63}}</ref> An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted ''[[bastardo (grape)|bastardo]]'' wine.<ref>{{cite episode| title = The Great Resource| series = Tales from the Palaces| series-link = Tales from the Palaces| airdate = 3 November 2006| series-no = 1| number = 9}}</ref>

Later, the descendants of the sacramental wine were refined for a more palatable taste. This gave rise to modern [[viticulture]] in [[French wine]], [[Italian wine]], [[Spanish wine]], and these wine grape traditions were brought into [[New World wine]]. For example, [[Mission (grape)|Mission grapes]] were brought by Franciscan monks to [[New Mexico]] in 1628 beginning the [[New Mexico wine]] heritage, these grapes were also brought to [[California]] which started the [[California wine]] industry. Thanks to Spanish wine culture, these two regions eventually evolved into the oldest and largest producers, respectively, of [[wine of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |url=http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf |title=Global Wine Report August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408235146/http://www.fas.usda.gov/agx/ISMG/Global%20Wine%20Report%20Final%20Aug2006.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |pages=7–9}}</ref><ref name="Birchell Steel 2013 p.">{{cite book | last1=Birchell | first1=D.B. | last2=Steel | first2=G. | title=New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History | publisher=American Palate | series=American Palate Series | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-60949-643-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f0kvgAACAAJ | language=it | access-date=15 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs 1995 p.">{{cite book | author=New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs | title=Enchanted Lifeways: The History, Museums, Arts & Festivals of New Mexico | publisher=New Mexico Magazine | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-937206-39-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvoRAQAAIAAJ | access-date=15 November 2019 }}</ref> Viking sagas earlier mentioned a fantastic land filled with wild grapes and high-quality wine called precisely [[Vinland]].<ref name="Team 2017">{{cite web | title=Vinland: The Mystical Legend of "The Land of Grapes" | website=WineCoolerDirect.com | date=19 October 2017 | url=https://learn.winecoolerdirect.com/vinland/ | access-date=7 May 2020 | archive-date=17 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617165838/https://learn.winecoolerdirect.com/vinland/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the Spanish establishing their American wine grape traditions in California and New Mexico, both France and Britain had unsuccessfully attempted to establish grapevines in [[Florida wine|Florida]] and [[Virginia wine|Virginia]] respectively.<ref name="Sotheby, p. 462">{{cite book |first=T. |last=Stevenson |title=The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia |edition=Fourth |page=568 |publisher=Dorling Kindersly |date=2005 |isbn=0-7566-1324-8}}</ref>

In East Asia, the first modern wine industry was [[Japanese wine]], developed in 1874 after grapevines were brought back from Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Hugh |author1-link=Hugh Johnson (wine writer) |last2=Robinson |first2=Jancis |author2-link=Jancis Robinson |date=2013 |title=[[The World Atlas of Wine]] |publisher=Octopus Publishing Group |page=376 |isbn=978-1784724030}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
[[File:Word for Wine in European languages.svg|thumb|Map showing the words for wine in European languages]]
{{Contains special characters |section=section|special=[[Linear B Syllabary|Linear B Unicode characters]] |fix= Help:Multilingual_support#Linear B |characters=Linear B}}
The English word "wine" comes from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*winam'', an early borrowing from the [[Latin]] ''vinum'', [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ''ღვინო'' (''ghvee-no''), "wine", itself derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] stem *''win-o-'' (cf. {{lang-hy|գինի}}, ''[[wikt:գինի|gini]]''; [[Ancient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|οἶνος}} ''oinos''; [[Aeolic Greek]]: {{lang|grc|[[digamma|ϝ]]οῖνος}} ''woinos''; [[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''wiyana''; [[Lycian language|Lycian]]: ''oino'').<ref>{{OEtymD|wine}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Whiter |first=Walter |encyclopedia=Etymologicon Magnum, Or Universal Etymological Dictionary, on a New Plan |title=Wine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRPVgBfSrdMC&q=foinos+wine&pg=PA145 |access-date=25 June 2008 |year=1800 |publisher=Francis Hodson |pages=145}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|oi){{=}}nos1|οἶνος|ref}}.</ref> The earliest attested terms referring to wine are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|𐀕𐀶𐀺𐄀𐀚𐀺}} ''me-tu-wo ne-wo'' (*{{lang|grc|μέθυϝος νέϝῳ}}),<ref>Found on the [[Pylos|PY]] Fr 1202 tablet.</ref><ref>[[Cf.]] {{LSJ|me/qu^|μέθυ|shortref}}.</ref> meaning "in (the month)" or "(festival) of the new wine", and {{lang|gmy|𐀺𐀜𐀷𐀴𐀯}} ''wo-no-wa-ti-si'',<ref>Found on the PY Vn 48 and PY Xa 1419 tablets.</ref> meaning "wine garden", written in [[Linear B]] inscriptions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651|title=Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture|publisher=Dartmouth College|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627172549/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~prehistory/aegean/?page_id=651|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=T.G. |last=Palaima |url=http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |title=The Last days of Pylos Polity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070021/http://www2.ulg.ac.be/archgrec/IMG/aegeum/aegaeum12%28pdf%29/Palaima.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 |publisher=Université de Liège}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first=James C. |editor-last=Wright |title=The Mycenaean feast |publisher=American School of Classical Studies |date=2004 |isbn=9780876619513 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ6vBrYKPnMC&dq=me-tu-wo-ne-wo&pg=PA203 |via=Google books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palaeolexicon - The Linear B word wo-no-wa-ti-si |url=http://www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/Show/16682 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.palaeolexicon.com}}</ref> Linear B also includes, inter alia, an [[ideogram]] for wine, i.e. {{lang|gmy|𐂖}}.

The ultimate Indo-European origin of the word is the subject of some continued debate. Some scholars have noted the similarities between the words for wine in [[Indo-European languages]] (e.g. Armenian ''[[wikt:գինի|gini]]'', Latin ''vinum'', Ancient Greek οἶνος, [[Russian language|Russian]] вино {{IPA-ru|vʲɪˈno|}}), [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] (e.g. [[Georgian language|Georgian]] [[wikt:ღვინო|ღვინო]] {{IPA-ka|ˈɣvino|}}), and [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] (''*wayn''; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] יין {{IPA-he|jajin|}}), pointing to the possibility of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families.<ref>{{cite book |first=Benjamin W. |last=Fortson IV |title=Indo-European Language and Culture, an introduction |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |date=2010 |page=42 |isbn=9781405188968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kn5c5dJmNUC&q=wine |via=Google books}}</ref> The Georgian word goes back to [[Proto-Kartvelian]] *''ɣwino''-,<ref name="klimov">{{cite book |last=Klimov |first=Georgij |date=1998 |title=Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B1ryOyFPFkC |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=227 |isbn=978-3-11-015658-4 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> which is either a borrowing from [[Proto-Indo-European]]<ref name="klimov" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gamkrelidze|first1=Thomas V.|last2=Ivanov|first2=Vjačeslav V.|title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture|publisher=Mouton De Gruyter|location=Berlin/New York|date=1994|isbn=3-11-009646-3}}</ref><ref name="s1">{{Cite book |last=Whitehead |first=Benedicte Nielsen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm2SugMy8C0C&dq=%C9%A3wino&pg=PA505 |title=The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics |date=2012 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-3838-1 |pages=505 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Asya Pereltsvaig |last1=Pereltsvaig |first1=Asya |first2=Martin W. |last2=Lewis |date=2015 |title=The Indo-European Controversy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=193–195}}</ref><ref name="as1">{{cite book |last=Arbeitman |first=Yoël |date=2000 |title=The Asia Minor Connexion: Studies on the Pre-Greek Languages in Memory of Charles Carter |publisher=Peeters Publishers}}</ref><ref name="an1">{{cite book |last=Siewierska |first=Anna |date=1998 |title=Constituent Order in the Languages of Europe |location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2023}} or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from [[Proto-Armenian]] *''ɣʷeinyo''-, whence Armenian ''gini''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Martirosyan|first=Hrach|author-link=Hrach Martirosyan|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00mart/page/n227 214]|isbn=9789004173378}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adjarian|first=Hrachia|title=Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words]|publisher=Yerevan State University|location=Yerevan|page=559|volume=I|url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|language=hy|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226011243/http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&pageNumber=564|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starostin|first=Sergei|title=Kartvelian Etymology database|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095237/http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Ckart%5Ckartet&first=1&text_proto=%C9%A3wino&method_proto=substring|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert S. P.|last=Beekes|author-link=Robert S. P. Beekes|year=2010|title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek|location=Leiden, Boston|publisher=Brill|page=1059|volume=II|series=Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, volume 10|others=with the assistance of Lucien van Beek}}</ref><ref name="klimov" />{{verification needed|date=December 2023}} An alternate hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes *''ɣwino''-, a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root *''ɣun''- ('to bend').<ref>{{cite book|last=Fähnrich|first=Heinz|title=Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|url=https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr|url-access=limited|year=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Boston|page=[https://archive.org/details/kartwelischesety00fhnr/page/n485 486]|isbn=9789004161092|language=de}}</ref> See [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-|*''ɣwino''-]] for more. All these theories place the origin of the word in the same geographical location, South Caucasus, that has been established based on archeological and biomolecular studies as the origin of viticulture.