United Press International

==History==
[[File:Bell telephone magazine (1922) (14755909362).jpg|thumb|News room of United Press in New York, 1933]]
Formally named '''United Press Associations''' for incorporation and legal purposes but publicly known and identified as '''United Press''' or '''UP''', the news agency was created by the 1907 uniting of three smaller news syndicates by the Midwest newspaper publisher [[E. W. Scripps]].<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="scrippshoward"/><ref name="100years"/> It was headed by [[Hugh Baillie]] (1890–1966) from 1935 to 1955. At the time of his retirement, UP had 2,900 clients in the United States, and 1,500 abroad.<ref>Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed. ''Political Profiles: The Truman Years'' (1978) pp 16–17</ref>

In 1958, it became '''United Press International''' after absorbing the [[International News Service]] (INS) {{nowrap|in May.<ref name=mjmerg>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fsMcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bH4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7228%2C1466645 |work=Milwaukee Journal |agency=UPI |title=Merger joins UP and INS |date=May 24, 1958 |page=2 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=bbupinw>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g21YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9PcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6573%2C4871049 |newspaper=Bend Bulletin |agency=UPI |title=UP, International News Service merged |date=May 24, 1958 |page=1 |access-date=July 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031201947/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g21YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9PcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6573%2C4871049 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} As either UP or UPI, the agency was among the largest newswire services in the world, competing domestically for about 90 years with the [[Associated Press|Associated Press (AP)]] and internationally with AP, [[Reuters]] and [[Agence France-Presse|Agence France-Presse (AFP)]].

At its peak, UPI had more than 2,000 full-time employees and 200 news bureaus in 92 countries; it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. With the rising popularity of television news, the business of UPI began to decline as the circulation of afternoon newspapers, its chief client category, began to fall. Its decline accelerated after the 1982 sale of UPI by the Scripps company.<ref name="in sorrow"/>

The [[E.W. Scripps Company]] controlled United Press until its absorption of [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s smaller competing agency, INS, in 1958 to form UPI. With the [[Hearst Corporation]] as a minority partner, UPI continued under Scripps management until 1982.<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="scrippshoward"/><ref name="100years"/>

Since its sale in 1982, UPI has changed ownership several times and was twice in [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy reorganization.<ref name=ergap85>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_KxVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5486%2C7143914 |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |agency=Associated Press |title=UPI reaches deal to gain financing |date=April 28, 1985 |page=13A |access-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806222649/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_KxVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5486%2C7143914 |url-status=live }}</ref> With each change in ownership came deeper service and staff cutbacks and changes of focus and a corresponding shrinkage of its traditional media customer base. Since the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its one-time major rival, the AP, UPI has concentrated on smaller information market niches. It no longer services media organizations in a major way.<ref name="cuts employees"/>

In 2000, UPI was purchased by [[News World Communications]], an international news media company founded in 1976 by [[Unification Church]] leader [[Sun Myung Moon]].<ref name="staff cuts"/><ref name="cjr"/>

It now maintains a news website and photo service and electronically publishes several information product packages. Based mostly on aggregation from other sources on the Web and gathered by a small editorial staff and [[Stringer (journalism)|stringers]], UPI's daily content consists of a newsbrief summary service called "NewsTrack," which includes general, business, sports, science, health and entertainment reports, and "Quirks in the News." It also sells a premium service, which has deeper coverage and analysis of emerging threats, the security industry, and energy resources. UPI's content is presented in text, video and photo formats, in English, Spanish, and Arabic.<ref name="products"/>

UPI's main office is in the Miami metropolitan area and it maintains office locations in five other countries and uses freelance journalists in other major cities.

===United Press Associations===
[[File:E W Scripps.jpg|thumbnail|Portrait photograph of [[E. W. Scripps]], c. 1912]]
Beginning with the ''[[Cleveland Press]]'', publisher [[E. W. Scripps]] (1854–1926) created the first chain of newspapers in the United States. Because the then-recently reorganized [[Associated Press]] refused to sell its services to several of his papers, most of them evening dailies in competition with existing AP franchise holders, in 1907 Scripps merged three smaller syndicates under his ownership or control, the Publishers Press Association, the Scripps-McRae Press Association, and the Scripps News Association, to form United Press Associations, with headquarters in New York City.<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="scrippshoward"/><ref name="100years"/>

Scripps had been a subscriber to an earlier news agency, also named '''United Press''', that existed in the late 1800s, partly in cooperation with the management of the original New York-based AP and partly in existential competition with two Chicago-based organizations also using the AP name (as detailed at [[Associated Press]] and in AP's 2007 history, ''Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace, and Everything Else'', cited in [[#Notes|Notes]]).<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="scrippshoward"/>

Drawing lessons from the battles between the earlier United Press and the various AP's, Scripps required that there be no restrictions on who could buy news from his news service, and he made the new UP service available to anyone, including his competitors. Scripps also hoped to make a profit from selling that news to papers owned by others. At that time and until [[World War II]], most newspapers relied on news agencies for stories outside their immediate geographic areas.<ref name="deadline"/><ref name="rip"/>

Despite strong newspaper industry opposition, UP started to sell news to the new and competitive radio medium in 1935, years before competitor AP, controlled by the newspaper industry, did likewise.

Scripps' United Press was considered "a scrappy alternative" news source to the AP. UP reporters were called "Unipressers" and were noted for their fiercely aggressive and competitive streak.<ref name="rip"/> Another hallmark of the company's culture was little formal training of reporters; new hires were often thrust into a "sink-or-swim" situation of reporting on an unfamiliar subject. They were weaned on UP's famous and well-documented (though frequently misappropriated and misquoted) slogan of "Get it first, but FIRST, get it RIGHT."<ref name="deadline"/> Despite controversy, UP (and later UPI) became a common training ground for generations of journalists.<ref name="rip"/>

[[Walter Cronkite]], who started with United Press in [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], gained fame for his coverage of [[World War II]] in Europe and turned down [[Edward R. Murrow]]'s first offer of a [[CBS]] job to stay with UP, but who later went on to anchor the ''[[CBS Evening News]]'', once said, "I felt every Unipresser got up in the morning saying, 'This is the day I'm going to beat the hell out of AP.' That was part of the spirit. We knew we were undermanned. But we knew we could do a darn good job despite that, and so many times, we did."<ref name="rip"/>
	
Despite that, like all agencies that deal with huge volumes of timely information, UP and later UPI had its share of remembered mistakes. As recounted in the various printed histories of UPI cited in [[#Notes|Notes]], the most famous one came early in its history. UP's president, [[Roy W. Howard]], then traveling in France, telegraphed that the 1918 armistice ending World War I had been declared four days before it happened. Howard's reputation survived and he later became a Scripps partner, whose name appeared in one of the Scripps subsidiary companies, Scripps-Howard. But the mistake dogged UP/UPI for generations. Still, the agency's reporters were often able to tell stories more quickly and accurately although they were usually outnumbered by the competition. In 1950, for example, UP reported the invasion of South Korea by North Korea two hours and forty minutes before its archrival, the AP. ''The New York Times'' later apologized to UP for refusing to print information on the invasion until the AP had confirmed it.<ref name="deadline"/>

===United Press International===
Frank Bartholomew, the last UP president to ascend to the agency's top job directly from its news, rather than sales ranks, took over in 1955, and according to his memoirs cited in [[#Notes|Notes]], was obsessed with merging UP with the [[International News Service]], a news agency that had been founded by [[William Randolph Hearst]] in 1909 following Scripps' lead.

Bartholomew succeeded in putting the "I" in UPI in 1958 when UP and INS merged to become United Press International {{nowrap|on May 24.<ref name=mjmerg/><ref name=bbupinw/>}} The new UPI now had 6,000 employees and 5,000 subscribers, about a thousand of them newspapers.<ref name="rip"/><ref name="time magazine"/>

The merger was aimed at creating a stronger competitor for the [[Associated Press]] and a stronger economic entity than either UP or INS. The newly formed United Press International (UPI) had 950 client newspapers.<ref name="time magazine"/> Fearing possible antitrust issues with the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] Administration [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], Scripps and Hearst rushed the merger through with unusual speed and secrecy.

Although all UP employees were retained, most INS employees lost their jobs with practically no warning. A relative few did join the new UPI and the columns of popular INS writers, such as [[Bob Considine]], [[Louella Parsons]] and [[Ruth Montgomery]], were carried by UPI.<ref name="time magazine"/>

Rival AP was a publishers' cooperative and could assess its members to help pay the extraordinary costs of covering major news—wars, the Olympic Games, national political conventions. UPI clients, in contrast, paid a fixed annual rate; depending on individual contracts, UPI could not always ask them to help shoulder the extraordinary coverage costs. In its heyday, newspapers typically paid UPI about half what they paid AP in the same cities for the same services: At one point, for example, the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' paid AP $12,500 a week, but UPI only $5,000; the Wall Street Journal paid AP $36,000 a week, but UPI only $19,300. The AP, which serviced 1,243 newspapers at the time, remained UPI's main competitor.<ref name="rip"/><ref name="time magazine"/> In 1959, UPI had 6,208 clients in 92 countries and territories, 234 news and picture bureaus, and an annual payroll of $34,000,000, (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|34000000|1959|r=0}}}} in today's dollars).<ref name="rip"/><ref name="reports a record"/>

But the UP-INS merger involved another business component that was to hurt the new UPI company badly in later years. Because INS had been a subsidiary of Hearst's [[King Features Syndicate]] and Scripps controlled several other newspaper syndicates, both companies feared possible antitrust issues. So they deliberately kept their respective syndicates out of the combined UPI company. That move cost UPI the revenues of its previous [[United Feature Syndicate]] subsidiary, which in later years made large profits on the syndication of ''[[Peanuts]]'' and other popular [[comic strips]] and columns.

UPI had an advantage of independence over the AP in reporting on the [[Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1950s and 1960s. Because the AP was a cooperative essentially owned by the newspapers, those in the [[Southern United States|South]] influenced its coverage of the racial unrest and protests, often ignoring, minimizing, or slanting the reporting.<ref name="rip"/> UPI did not have that sort of pressure, and management, according to UPI reporters and photographers of the day, allowed them much freedom in chronicling the events of the civil rights struggle.<ref name="rip"/>

White House reporter [[Helen Thomas]] became the public face of UPI, as she was seen at televised press conferences beginning in the early 1960s.<ref name="rip"/> UPI famously scooped the AP in reporting the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of US President John Kennedy]] on Friday, November 22, 1963.<ref name="rip"/> UPI White House reporter [[Merriman Smith]] was an eyewitness, and he commandeered the press car's only phone to dictate the story to UPI as AP reporter Jack Bell tried—without success—to wrest the phone away so he could call his office.<ref name="in sorrow"/> Smith and UPI won a [[Pulitzer Prize]] for this reporting.<ref name="rip"/>

===UP/UPI Newspictures, Newsfilm and Audio/Radio Network===

United Press had no direct [[wirephoto]] service until 1952, when it absorbed co-owned [[ACME Newspictures]], under pressure from parent company Scripps to better compete with AP's news and photo services.<ref name="newspictures"/>

By that time, UP was also deeply involved with the newer visual medium of [[television]]. In 1948, it entered into a partnership with [[20th Century Fox]] subsidiary Fox [[Movietone News]] to shoot newsfilm for television stations. That service, United Press Movietone, or UPMT, was a pioneer in newsfilm syndication and numbered among its clients major US and foreign networks and local stations, including for many years the early TV operation of [[ABC News]]. In subsequent decades, it underwent several changes in partnerships and names, becoming best known as [[United Press International Television News]] (UPITN). Senior UPITN executives later helped [[Ted Turner]] create [[CNN]], with its first two presidents, [[Reese Schonfeld]] and [[Burt Reinhardt]], coming from UPITN ranks.

The UPI Audio actuality service for radio stations, created in 1958 and later renamed the [[United Press International Radio Network]], was a spinoff from the newsfilm service and eventually provided news material to more than a thousand radio stations and US and foreign networks, including [[NPR]].<ref name="audio"/>

===Decline===
UPI came close to the size of the AP in the early 1960s, but as publishing companies began to pare their evening newspapers, it was dropped by papers that could no longer afford to subscribe to both UPI and the AP.<ref name="rip"/> UPI's failure to develop a television presence or subsidiary television news service has also been cited as one of the causes of its decline.<ref name="rip"/> By the early 1980s, the number of staffers was down to 1,800 and there were just 100 news bureaus.<ref name="old dog"/>

Under pressure from some of [[E. W. Scripps]]' heirs, [[E. W. Scripps Company|the Scripps company]], which had been underwriting UPI's expenses at a loss for at least two decades, began trying to transfer control of UPI in the early 1980s. It tried to bring in additional newspaper industry partners and when that failed, engaged in serious negotiations with British competitor [[Reuters]], which wanted to increase its US presence. As detailed in "Down to the Wire", by Gordon and Cohen, cited in [[#Notes|Notes]], Reuters did extensive due diligence and expressed an interest in parts of the UPI service, but did not wish to maintain it in full.

Scripps wound up giving the agency away to two inexperienced businessmen, Douglas Ruhe (son of [[David Ruhe]], a member of the [[Universal House of Justice]], the supreme governing body of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]) and William Geissler, originally associated with two better-known partners, who soon departed. Ruhe and Geissler obtained UPI for $1. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, Scripps first injected UPI with a $5 million cash balance, in acknowledgement of the $1.0&nbsp;&ndash; $1.5 million per month that UPI was already losing. Facing news industry skepticism about their background and qualifications to run an international news agency, Ruhe and Geissler watched an increase in contract cancellations. Despite serious cash flow problems, they moved UPI's headquarters from New York City to Washington, DC, incurring significant additional costs due to construction cost overruns.

During this period, UPI's 25-year-old audio news actuality service for radio stations was renamed the [[United Press International Radio Network]]. But faced with recurring cash shortages and difficulty meeting payroll, the Ruhe-Geissler management sold UPI's foreign photo service and some rights to its US and foreign photos to the Reuters news agency.<ref name="photo accord"/> It also sold UPI's U.S. photo library, which included the archives of predecessor Scripps photo agency Acme and the pictures and negatives of International News Photos, the picture component of Hearst's INS to the [[Bettman Archive]]. Bettman was later sold to Microsoft founder [[Bill Gates]]'s separate [[Corbis Corporation]], storing them underground in Pennsylvania and digitizing them for licensing, frequently without any notation of their UPI origins. In August 2011 Corbis announced a deal with AP to distribute each other's photos to their clients, effectively combining the pre-1983 UPI library with that of its former main rival for some marketing purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paidcontent.org/article/419-the-ap-and-corbis-combine-image-libraries-in-distribution-deal/ |title=The AP And Corbis Combine Image Libraries In Distribution Deal |last1=Kaplan |first1=David |date=August 23, 2011 |publisher=paidContent |location=[[GigaOM]] |access-date=March 9, 2013 |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925030546/http://paidcontent.org/article/419-the-ap-and-corbis-combine-image-libraries-in-distribution-deal/ }}</ref> In 2016 Corbis sold to the Visual China Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-corbis-m-a-vcg-idUSKCN0V101L|title=Visual China buys Corbis Entertainment|work=Reuters |access-date=2018-05-21|language=en-US|archive-date=May 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521191653/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-corbis-m-a-vcg-idUSKCN0V101L|url-status=live}}</ref>

UPI's remaining minority stake in UPITN was also sold and the agency was renamed Worldwide Television News (WTN). As with its photographs, UPI thereby lost all control of its newsfilm and video library, which is now held by WTN-successor [[Associated Press Television News]], which entered the video news field long after UPI left it.

Years of mismanagement, missed opportunities and continual wage and staff cuts followed.<ref name="in sorrow"/> By 1984, UPI had descended into the first of two [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] {{nowrap|[[bankruptcy|bankruptcies]].<ref name="in sorrow"/><ref name=ergap85/>}} [[Mario Vázquez Raña]], a Mexican media magnate, with a nominal American minority partner, Houston real estate developer Joseph Russo, purchased UPI out of bankruptcy for $40 million, losing millions during his short tenure, and firing numerous high-level staff.<ref name="in sorrow"/>

In 1988, Vázquez Raña sold UPI to Infotechnology, Inc., an information technology and venture capital company and parent company of cable TV's [[Financial News Network]], both headed by [[Earl Brian]], who also became UPI chairman.<ref name="in sorrow"/> In early 1991, Infotechnology itself filed for bankruptcy, announced layoffs at UPI and sought to terminate certain employee benefits in an attempt to keep UPI afloat. At that point, UPI was down to 585 employees.<ref name="cuts employees"/><ref name="to file"/> Later that year, UPI filed for bankruptcy for the second time, asking for relief from $50 million in debt so that it could be sale-able.<ref name="to file"/> In 1992, a group of [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] investors, ARA Group International (AGI), bought the bankrupt UPI for $4 million.<ref name="old dog"/>

By 1998, UPI had fewer than 250 employees and 12 offices.<ref name="old dog"/> Although the Saudi-based investors claimed to have poured more than $120 million into UPI, it had failed to turn a profit.<ref name="old dog"/> The company had begun to sell Internet-adapted products to such websites as Excite and Yahoo.<ref name="old dog"/> At that point, UPI CEO [[Arnaud de Borchgrave]] orchestrated UPI's exit from its last major media niche, the broadcast news business that United Press had initiated in the 1930s. De Borchgrave maintained that "what was brilliant pioneering work on the part of UPI prior to World War II, with radio news, is now a static quantity and so far as I'm concerned, certainly doesn't fit into my plans for the future". He sought to shift UPI's dwindling resources into Internet-based delivery of newsletter services, focusing more on technical and diplomatic specialties than on general news. The rump UPI thus sold the client list of its still-significant radio network and broadcast wire to its former rival, the AP.<ref name="rip"/><ref name="audio"/>

===Current ownership===
[[Image:UnitedPressInternational.jpg|thumb|United Press International office in Washington D.C., circa 2005]]
	
UPI was purchased in May 2000 by [[News World Communications]], a media conglomerate founded by [[Unification Church]] founder [[Sun Myung Moon]], which also owned ''[[The Washington Times]]'' and newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America.<ref name="staff cuts"/> The next day, UPI's [[White House]] correspondent, [[Helen Thomas]], resigned her position, after working for UPI for 57 years.<ref name="fixture"/>

In 2007, as part of a restructuring to keep UPI in business and profitable, management cut 11 staff from its Washington, D.C. office and no longer had a reporter in the [[White House press corps]] or a bureau covering the United Nations.<ref name="staff cuts"/><ref name="UN bureau"/> UPI spokespersons and press releases said the company would be focusing instead on expanding operations in the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa, and reporting on security threats, intelligence and energy issues.<ref name="staff cuts"/><ref name="UN bureau"/> In 2008, UPI began UPIU, a journalism mentoring platform for students and journalism schools, that allowed recent college graduates to post their work on the site but did not pay for stories.<ref name=upiu/>