The New York Times

==History==
===1851–1896===
{{Main|History of The New York Times (1851–1896)}}
''The New York Times'' was established in 1851 by ''[[New-York Tribune]]'' journalists [[Henry Jarvis Raymond]] and [[George Jones (publisher)|George Jones]].{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=4-5}} The ''Times'' experienced significant circulation, particularly among conservatives; ''New-York Tribune'' publisher [[Horace Greeley]] praised the ''New-York Daily Times''.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=7-9}} During the [[American Civil War]], ''Times'' correspondents gathered information directly from [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] states.{{Sfn|Davis|1921|p=56-57}} In 1869, Jones inherited the paper from Raymond,{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=32}} who had changed its name to ''The New-York Times''.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=21}} Under Jones, the ''Times'' began to publish a series of articles criticizing [[Tammany Hall]] political boss [[William M. Tweed]], despite vehement opposition from other New York newspapers.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=35}} In 1871, ''The New-York Times'' published Tammany Hall's accounting books; Tweed was tried in 1873 and sentenced to twelve years in prison. The ''Times'' earned national recognition for its coverage of Tweed.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=44-51}} In 1891, Jones died, creating a management imbroglio in which his children had insufficient business acumen to inherit the company and his will prevented an acquisition of the ''Times''.{{Sfn|Davis|1921|p=167-168}} Editor-in-chief [[Charles Ransom Miller]], editorial editor Edward Cary, and correspondent George F. Spinney established a company to manage ''The New-York Times'',{{Sfn|Davis|1921|p=170}} but faced financial difficulties during the [[Panic of 1893]].{{Sfn|Davis|1921|p=171}}

===1896–1945===
{{Main|History of The New York Times (1896–1945)}}
In August 1896, ''[[Chattanooga Times]]'' publisher [[Adolph Ochs]] acquired ''The New-York Times'', implementing significant alterations to the newspaper's structure. Ochs established the ''Times'' as a merchant's newspaper and removed the hyphen from the newspaper's name.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=105-110}} In 1905, ''The New York Times'' opened [[One Times Square|Times Tower]], marking expansion.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=153}} The ''Times'' experienced a political realignment in the 1910s amid several disagreements within the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].{{Sfn|Davis|1921|p=250-252}} ''The New York Times'' reported on the [[Sinking of the Titanic|sinking of the ''Titanic'']] as other newspapers were cautious about bulletins from the [[Associated Press]].{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=193-197}} Through managing editor [[Carr Van Anda]], the ''Times'' focused on scientific advancements, reporting on [[Albert Einstein]]'s then-unknown theory of [[general relativity]] and becoming involved in the [[discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun]].{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=250-252}} In April 1935, Ochs died, leaving his son-in-law [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]] as publisher.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=403-409}} The [[Great Depression]] forced Sulzberger to reduce ''The New York Times''{{'}}s operations,{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=422-423}} and developments in the New York newspaper landscape resulted in the formation of larger newspapers, such as the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' and the ''[[New York World-Telegram]]''.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=369-372}} In contrast to Ochs, Sulzberger encouraged [[wirephoto]]graphy.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=412}}

''The New York Times'' extensively covered [[World War II]] through large headlines,{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=433-436}} reporting on exclusive stories such as the [[Yugoslav coup d'état]].{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=446}} Amid the war, Sulzberger began expanding the ''Times''{{'}}s operations further, acquiring [[WQXR-FM]] in 1944—the first non-''Times'' investment since the Jones era—and established a fashion show in Times Hall. Despite reductions as a result of conscription, ''The New York Times'' retained the largest journalism staff of any newspaper.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=493-495}} The ''Times''{{'}}s print edition became available internationally during the war through the [[Army & Air Force Exchange Service]]; ''The New York Times Overseas Weekly'' later became available in Japan through ''[[The Asahi Shimbun]]'' and in Germany through the ''[[Frankfurter Zeitung]]''. The international edition would develop into [[The New York Times International Edition|a separate newspaper]].{{Sfn|Dunlap|2015b}} Journalist [[William L. Laurence]] publicized the [[atomic bomb]] race between the United States and Germany, resulting in the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] seizing copies of the ''Times''. The United States government recruited Laurence to document the [[Manhattan Project]] in April 1945.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=510-515}} Laurence became the only witness of the Manhattan Project, a detail realized by employees of ''The New York Times'' following the [[atomic bombing of Hiroshima]].{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=522-523}}

===1945–1998===
{{Main|History of The New York Times (1945–1998)}}
Following [[World War II]], ''The New York Times'' continued to expand.{{Sfn|Berger|1951|p=541-542}} The ''Times'' was subject to investigations from the [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security|Senate Internal Security Subcommittee]], a [[McCarthyism|McCarthyist]] subcommittee that investigated purported communism from within press institutions. [[Arthur Hays Sulzberger]]'s decision to dismiss a copyreader who plead the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] drew ire from within the ''Times'' and from external organizations.{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=289}} In April 1961, Sulzberger resigned, appointing his son-in-law, [[The New York Times Company]] president [[Orvil Dryfoos]].{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=27}} Under Dryfoos, ''The New York Times'' established a newspaper based in [[Los Angeles]].{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=343}} In 1962, the implementation of automated [[printing press]]es in response to increasing costs mounted fears over [[technological unemployment]]. The New York Typographical Union staged [[1962–1963 New York City newspaper strike|a strike]] in December, altering the media consumption of New Yorkers. The strike left New York with three remaining newspapers—the ''Times'', the [[New York Daily News|''Daily News'']], and the ''[[New York Post]]''—by its conclusion in March 1963.{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=364-368}} In May, Dryfoos died of a heart ailment.{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=396}} Following weeks of ambiguity, [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger]] became ''The New York Times''{{'}}s publisher.{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=380-383}}

Technological advancements leveraged by newspapers such as the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' and improvements in coverage from ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' necessitated adaptations to nascent computing.{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=403-405}} ''The New York Times'' published "[[Heed Their Rising Voices]]" in 1960, a full-page advertisement purchased by supporters of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] criticizing law enforcement in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] for their response to the [[civil rights movement]]. Montgomery Public Safety commissioner L. B. Sullivan sued the ''Times'' for defamation. In ''[[New York Times Co. v. Sullivan]]'' (1964), the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled that the verdict in Alabama county court and the [[Supreme Court of Alabama]] violated the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]].{{Sfn|Dunlap|2017c}} The decision is considered to be [[List of landmark court decisions in the United States|landmark]].{{Sfn|Liptak|2021}} After financial losses, ''The New York Times'' ended its [[The New York Times International Edition|international edition]], acquiring a stake in the ''[[Paris Herald Tribune]]'', forming the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.{{Sfn|Talese|1981|p=545}} The ''Times'' initially published the ''[[Pentagon Papers]]'', facing opposition from then-president [[Richard Nixon]]. The Supreme Court ruled in ''The New York Times''{{'}}s favor in ''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'' (1971), allowing the ''Times'' and ''The Washington Post'' to publish the papers.{{Sfn|Chokshi|2017}}

''The New York Times'' remained cautious in its initial coverage of the [[Watergate scandal]].{{Sfn|Phelps|2009|p=166-169}} As [[United States Congress|Congress]] began investigating the scandal, the ''Times'' furthered its coverage,{{Sfn|Phelps|2009|p=186-187}} publishing details on the [[Huston Plan]], alleged wiretapping of reporters and officials,{{Sfn|Phelps|2009|p=191}} and testimony from [[James W. McCord Jr.]] that the [[Committee for the Re-Election of the President]] paid the conspirators off.{{Sfn|Phelps|2009|p=189}} The exodus of readers to suburban New York newspapers, such as ''[[Newsday]]'' and [[Gannett]] papers, adversely affected ''The New York Times''{{'}}s circulation.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=22-24}} Contemporary newspapers balked at additional sections; ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' devoted a cover for its criticism and ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' wrote that the ''Times'' was engaging in "middle-class self-absorption".{{Sfn|Dunlap|2015a}} ''The New York Times'', the ''Daily News'', and the ''New York Post'' were the subject of [[1978 New York City newspaper strike|a strike]] in 1978,{{Sfn|Dewar|1978}} allowing emerging newspapers to leverage halted coverage.{{Sfn|Stetson|1978}} The ''Times'' deliberately avoided coverage of the [[AIDS epidemic]], running its first front page article in May 1983. [[Max Frankel]]'s editorial coverage of the epidemic, with mentions of [[anal intercourse]], contrasted with then-executive editor [[A. M. Rosenthal]]'s puritan approach, intentionally avoiding descriptions of the luridity of gay venues.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=54-56}}

Following years of waning interest in ''The New York Times'', Sulzberger resigned in January 1992, appointing his son, [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]], as publisher.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=131}} The [[Internet]] represented a generational shift within the ''Times''; Sulzberger, who negotiated The New York Times Company's acquisition of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' in 1993, derided the Internet, while his son expressed antithetical views. @times appeared on [[America Online]]'s website in May 1994 as an extension of ''The New York Times'', featuring news articles, film reviews, sports news, and business articles.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=146-148}} Despite opposition, several employees of the ''Times'' had begun to access the Internet.{{Sfn|Dunlap|2017a}} The online success of publications that traditionally co-existed with the ''Times''—such as America Online, [[Yahoo]], and [[CNN]]—and the expansion of websites such as [[Monster.com]] and [[Craigslist]] that threatened ''The New York Times''{{'}}s [[Classified advertising|classified advertisement]] model increased efforts to develop a website.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=173-175}} [[nytimes.com]] debuted on January 19 and was formally announced three days later.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=181-182}} The ''Times'' published domestic terrorist [[Ted Kaczynski]]'s essay ''[[Industrial Society and Its Future]]'' in 1995, contributing to his arrest after his brother [[David Kaczynski|David]] recognized the essay's penmanship.{{Sfn|Farhi|2015}}

===1998–present===
{{Main|History of The New York Times (1998–present)}}
Following the establishment of [[nytimes.com]], ''The New York Times'' retained its journalistic hesitancy under executive editor [[Joseph Lelyveld]], refusing to publish an article reporting on the [[Clinton–Lewinsky scandal]] from [[Drudge Report]]. nytimes.com editors conflicted with print editors on several occasions, including wrongfully naming security guard [[Richard Jewell]] as the suspect in the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]] and covering the [[death of Diana, Princess of Wales]] in greater detail than the print edition.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=186-190}} The New York Times Electronic Media Company was adversely affected by the [[dot-com crash]].{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=221-222}} The ''Times'' extensively covered the [[September 11 attacks]]. The following day's print issue contained sixty-six articles,{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=249}} the work of over three hundred dispatched reporters.{{Sfn|Mnookin|2004|p=61}} Journalist [[Judith Miller]] was the recipient of a package containing a white powder during the [[2001 anthrax attacks]], furthering anxiety within ''The New York Times''.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=255-256}} In September 2002, Miller and military correspondent [[Michael R. Gordon]] wrote an article for the ''Times'' claiming that Iraq had purchased [[Iraqi aluminum tubes|aluminum tubes]]. The article was cited by then-president [[George W. Bush]] to claim that Iraq was constructing [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]]; the theoretical use of aluminum tubes to produce nuclear material was subject of debate.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=276-278}} In March 2003, the United States [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]], beginning the [[Iraq War]].{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=281}}

''The New York Times'' attracted controversy after thirty-six articles{{Sfn|Sullivan|2013a}} from journalist [[Jayson Blair]] were discovered to be plagiarized.{{Sfn|Mnookin|2004|p=171}} Criticism over then-executive editor [[Howell Raines]] and then-managing editor [[Gerald M. Boyd]] mounted following the scandal, culminating in a town hall in which a deputy editor criticized Raines for failing to question Blair's sources in article he wrote on the [[D.C. sniper attacks]].{{Sfn|Mnookin|2004|p=183}} In June 2003, Raines and Boyd resigned.{{Sfn|Mnookin|2004|p=210-212}} [[Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.]] appointed [[Bill Keller]] as executive editor.{{Sfn|Mnookin|2004|p=217}} Miller continued to report on the Iraq War as a [[Embedded journalism|journalistic embed]] covering the country's weapons of mass destruction program. Keller and then-Washington bureau chief [[Jill Abramson]] unsuccessfully attempted to subside criticism. Conservative media criticized the ''Times'' over its coverage of [[Al Qa'qaa high explosives controversy|missing explosives]] from the [[Al Qa'qaa]] weapons facility.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=340-343}} An article in December 2005 disclosing [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)|warrantless surveillance]] by the [[National Security Agency]] contributed to further criticism from the [[George W. Bush]] administration and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]'s refusal to renew the [[Patriot Act]].{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=354-355}} In the [[Plame affair]], [[Plame affair grand jury investigation|a Central Intelligence Agency]] inquiry found that Miller had become aware of [[Valerie Plame]]'s identity through then-vice president [[Dick Cheney]]'s chief of staff [[Scooter Libby]], resulting in Miller's resignation.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=361-363}}

During the [[Great Recession]], ''The New York Times'' suffered significant fiscal difficulties as a consequence of the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] and a decline in [[classified advertising]].{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=374-376}} Exacerbated by [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s revitalization of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' through his acquisition of [[Dow Jones & Company]], [[The New York Times Company]] began enacting measures to reduce the newsroom budget. The company was forced to borrow {{USD|250}} million ({{Inflation|US|250000000|2008|fmt=eq|r=2}}) from Mexican billionaire [[Carlos Slim]] and fired over one hundred employees by 2010.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=378-381}} nytimes.com's coverage of the [[Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal]], resulting in the resignation of then-New York governor [[Eliot Spitzer]], furthered the legitimacy of the website as a journalistic medium.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=382-383}} The ''Times''{{'}}s economic downturn renewed discussions of an online paywall;{{Sfn|Timmer|2010}} ''The New York Times'' implemented a paywall in March 2011.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=398}} Abramson succeeded Keller,{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=401}} continuing her characteristic investigations into corporate and government malfeasance into the ''Times''{{'}}s coverage.{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=413}} Following conflicts with newly-appointed chief executive [[Mark Thompson (media executive)|Mark Thompson]]'s ambitions,{{Sfn|Nagourney|2023|p=414-416}} Abramson was dismissed by Sulzberger Jr., who named [[Dean Baquet]] as her replacement.{{Sfn|Carr|Somaiya|2014}}

Leading up to the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential election]], ''The New York Times'' elevated the [[Hillary Clinton email controversy]]{{Sfn|Kirby|2017}} and the [[Uranium One controversy]];{{Sfn|Sullivan|2022|p=39}} national security correspondent [[Michael S. Schmidt]] initially wrote an article in March 2015 stating that [[Hillary Clinton]] had used a private email server as secretary of state.{{Sfn|Schmidt|2015}} [[Donald Trump]]'s upset victory contributed to an increase in subscriptions to the ''Times''.{{Sfn|Associated Press|2016}} ''The New York Times'' experienced unprecedented indignation from Trump, who referred to publications such as the ''Times'' as "[[Enemy of the people|enemies of the people]]" at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] and tweeting his disdain for the newspaper and [[CNN]]..{{Sfn|Davis|Grynbaum|2017}} In October 2017, ''The New York Times'' published an article by journalists [[Jodi Kantor]] and [[Megan Twohey]] alleging that dozens of women had accused film producer and [[The Weinstein Company]] co-chairman [[Harvey Weinstein]] of sexual misconduct.{{Sfn|Kantor|Twohey|2017}} The investigation resulted in Weinstein's resignation and conviction,{{Sfn|Pai|Grady|2020}} precipitated the [[Weinstein effect]],{{Sfn|Diaz|2022b}} and served as a catalyst for the [[MeToo movement|#MeToo movement]].{{Sfn|CBS News|2017}} The New York Times Company vacated the public editor position{{Sfn|Victor|2017}} and eliminated the copy desk in November.{{Sfn|Schmidt|2017}} Sulzberger Jr. announced his resignation in December 2017, appointing his son, [[A. G. Sulzberger]], as publisher.{{Sfn|Ember|2017b}}

Trump's relationship—equally diplomatic and negative—marked Sulzberger's tenure.{{Sfn|Stelter|2018}} In September 2018, ''The New York Times'' published "[[I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration]]", an [[anonymous essay]] by a self-described Trump administration official later revealed to be [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] chief of staff [[Miles Taylor (security expert)|Miles Taylor]].{{Sfn|Shear|2020}} The animosity—which extended to nearly three hundred instances of Trump disparaging the ''Times'' by May 2019—{{Sfn|Lee|Quealy|2016}}culminated in Trump informing federal agencies to cancel their subscriptions to ''The New York Times'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in October 2019.{{Sfn|Farhi|2019}} [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|Trump's tax returns]] have been the subject of three separate investigations.{{Efn|Attributed to multiple references: {{Sfn|Barstow|Craig|Buettner|Twohey|2016}}{{Sfn|Barstow|Craig|Buettner|2018}}{{Sfn|Buettner|Craig|McIntire|2020}}}} During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the ''Times'' began implementing data services and graphs.{{Sfn|Williams|Fehr|2021}} On May 23, 2020, ''The New York Times''{{'}}s front page solely featured ''[[U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss]]'', a subset of the 100,000 people in the United States who died of COVID-19, the first time that the ''Times''{{'}}s front page lacked images since they were introduced.{{Sfn|Grippe|2020}} Since 2020, ''The New York Times'' has focused on broader diversification, developing online games and producing television series.{{Sfn|Patel|2023}} The New York Times Company acquired ''[[The Athletic]]'' in January 2022.{{Sfn|Kafka|2022a}}