Temple Terrace, Florida

==History==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=February 2022}}

===Pre-Columbian===
The original inhabitants of the Temple Terrace area were known as the [[Tocobaga]], a group of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] living around Tampa Bay, both in prehistoric and historic times, until roughly 1760. Their numbers declined in the seventeenth century, due at least in part to diseases brought to the New World by the Europeans, to which they had little natural resistance. All of the Florida tribes were also severely affected by the raids of [[Muscogee|Creeks]] and [[Yamasee]] during the late stages of the seventeenth century. In any case, the Tocobaga disappeared from history less than a hundred years later.

===Spanish exploration===

[[Image:1757 Celi.jpg|300px|left|thumb|The earliest known map of the Tampa Bay area. It is by Spanish explorer Don Francisco Maria Celi of the Spanish Royal Fleet, 1757. This copy is from the South Florida History Museum; the original is in the Museo Naval de Madrid, Spain. The river on the upper left of the map is the Hillsborough, and the area designated as "El Pinal de la Cruz de Santa Teresa" is today in Temple Terrace. "El Salto" are the rapids at [[Hillsborough River State Park]], where the journey ended.  The map is oriented so that east is to the top.]]
[[Image:Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club.jpg|right|thumb|1920s Temple Terrace postcard]]

Spanish exploration of the Temple Terrace area dates back to 1757 when explorer [[Don Francisco Maria Celi]] of the Spanish Royal Fleet made his way up the Hillsborough River (naming it "El Rio de San Julian y Arriaga") to what is now Riverhills Park in search of pine trees to use as masts for his ships. Here, in the extensive [[longleaf pine]] forest, he erected a cross in what he named "El Pinal de la Cruz de Santa Teresa" (the Pine Forest of the Cross of Saint Theresa). Confirmation of the fleet's travels is found in its map and logbook. A historic marker and a replica of the cross erected to honor St. Theresa are found in Riverhills Park today. Up to 1913, the longleaf pine, [[Quercus geminata|sand live oak]], and cypress trees made the area suitable for [[turpentine]] manufacturing and logging.
[[Image:Bertha Honore Palmer.jpg|112px|left|thumb|Bertha Honoré Palmer]]

===The Potter Palmer years===

The area now known as Temple Terrace was originally part of an exclusive {{convert|19000|acre|km2|adj=on}} game preserve called "Riverhills" belonging to Chicago socialite [[Bertha Palmer]], wife of businessman [[Potter Palmer]]. She played an extensive role in making [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]] the "City of the Arts" that it is today. She was one of the largest landholders, ranchers, farmers, and developers in Florida at the turn of the twentieth century. The ''Evening Independent'' newspaper in 1918 described the preserve as "a well-stocked hunting preserve north of Tampa being one of the most attractive hunting grounds in the state." Property acquisition by the Palmers and the [[Henry Honoré|Honoré]]s began in 1910; only one of the original buildings from the preserve, now known as the Woodmont Clubhouse, remains. Because it escaped logging, the grounds of the clubhouse harbor some of the largest specimens of live oak and longleaf pine in the city.

===The Mediterranean Revival golf course community===

Mrs. Potter-Palmer's vision for her property was that it be developed into a [[golf course community]] surrounded by extensive citrus groves, but her death in 1918 prevented her from fully realizing that vision. At her death, the trustee of her estate and brother, Adrian Honoré, sold her local land holdings to Burks Hamner, [[Image:Longleaf Pines.jpg|110px|left|thumb|Longleaf Pine forest: 1921 Burgert Brothers photo of Temple Terrace pre-development]] Vance Helm, Maud Fowler, [[Cody Fowler]], and D. Collins Gillett, who formed two development corporations: Temple Terrace Estates, Inc., which developed the golf course and residential areas; and Temple Terraces, Inc., which developed {{convert|5000|acre|km2}} of orange groves that originally surrounded the city to the west and north, the largest orange grove in the world in the 1920s. (Adrian Honoré retained a seat on the board.) D. Collins Gillett oversaw Temple Terraces, Inc. and owned the first and largest citrus nursery in Florida, Buckeye Nurseries of Tampa. His father, Myron E. Gillett, thirty-first mayor of Tampa, was instrumental in popularizing the exotic hybrid Temple orange in the United States.

The 1920 vision for the community was that wealthy retired Northerners would purchase one of the lots in Temple Terrace, build a Mediterranean Revival villa on the lot and also purchase a parcel in the extensive adjoining citrus grove to either manage as a hobby or provide extra income. Temple Terrace was originally only occupied during "The Season" (which lasted roughly from December to the annual Washington Ball held at the clubhouse on February 22). For the rest of the year, the houses were cared for by caretakers until The Season came again and the homeowners returned.

In 1924, part of the {{convert|5000|acre|km2|adj=on}} area platted as the Temple Orange grove and called Temple Terraces, Inc. was developed into the present-day neighborhood of [[Temple Crest]], immediately adjacent to Temple Terrace and its west, hugging the Hillsborough River. The land occupied by nearby [[Busch Gardens]] was also part of Mrs. Palmer's original {{convert|19000|acre|km2|adj=on}} ranch.
[[File:TTCC.jpg|thumb|right|Temple Terrace Community Church]]
[[Image:Temple Orange Grove2.jpg|110px|left|thumb|1920s postcard of the "World's Greatest Citrus Grove"]]

In 1925 and 1926, the [[Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club]] (which is still in existence) hosted the [[Florida Open]] (in 1925 billed as the "Greatest Field of Golfers ever to Play in Florida"). "Long" [[Jim Barnes]] was the resident professional of the course at the time (James Kelly Thomson was the course's first pro), and every major golfer of the day competed in the event except for [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby Jones]]. [[Leo Diegel]] won the tournament. Jim Barnes' friend [[Fred McLeod (golfer)|Fred McLeod]] is also associated with the early days of the course. The golf-course architect was [[Tom Bendelow]], who also designed [[Medinah Country Club]]'s Course #3 in Chicago, a 7,508-yard (7,385 m) golf course that has hosted three U.S. Opens (1949, 1975, 1990) and two PGA Championships (1999, 2006). The golf course of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club is virtually unchanged since its design by Bendelow and is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. It measures 6,414 yards with a par of 72.

Temple Terrace is one of the first planned golf-course communities in the United States (1920). The town plan was created by town planner and landscape architect George F. Young, who also created the plan for nearby [[Davis Islands (Tampa)]] and McClelland Park (Sarasota), among others. The architecture was designed in the Mediterranean-Revival style by two different architects in two different periods. The first phase was in 1921 by noted Tampa architect [[M. Leo Elliott]] ([[Centro Asturiano de Tampa]] and Old [[Tampa City Hall]]) designed the initial houses and the public buildings. In 1926 renowned New York architect [[Dwight James Baum]] (architect of [[John Ringling]]'s [[Cà d'Zan]], the Hotel El Verona in Sarasota, and the West Side YMCA in New York City) also designed residences in Temple Terrace.

[[Image:Temple Terrace Master Plan circa1921.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The Vision: 1922 Temple Terrace Master Plan (looking northwest). Recently discovered colorized photograph showing the "world's largest citrus grove in the 1920s" ({{convert|5000|acre|km2}} of Temple oranges) to the west and north surrounding the village. The Hillsborough River is in the foreground; the Bullard Parkway bridge crosses the river; 56th Street does not yet exist, but Nebraska Avenue is on the left horizon.]]
[[Image:Temple Terrace MacDonald.JPG|120px|right|thumb|Mid-Century Modern architecture in Temple Terrace]]
There are fifteen houses and buildings designed by Elliott remaining in the city, the largest collection of his work anywhere. In addition, there are over 35 houses in the city designed by architect Dwight James Baum, which is thought to be the largest collection of his work in the [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]].

Temple Terrace struggled through the 1930s like the rest of Florida. Building activity began to pick up again after [[World War II]]. There is now a fine collection of mid-century modern homes and buildings, at least two of which were designed by well-known architect Frank Albert DePasquale.
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