St. Louis

==History==
{{Main|History of St. Louis}}

{{For timeline}}

===Mississippian culture and European exploration===
{{Main|History of St. Louis before 1762}}
{{Quote box |width=20em |align=left|bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote={{flag|Kingdom of France}} 1690s–1763<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Spain|1785}}  1763–1800<br />{{flag|French First Republic}} 1800–1803<br />{{flag|United States|1804}} 1803–present
}}
The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[Mississippian culture]], which built numerous temple and residential [[Earthwork (archaeology)|earthwork]] [[Mound builder (people)|mounds]] on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at [[Cahokia Mounds]], active from 900 to 1500. Due to numerous major [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the "Mound City". These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area encountered by early Europeans included the [[Siouan]]-speaking [[Osage people]], whose territory extended west, and the [[Illiniwek]].

European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers [[Louis Jolliet]] and [[Jacques Marquette]] traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle|La Salle]] claimed the region for France as part of [[Louisiana (New France)|La Louisiane]], also known as [[Louisiana]].
[[File:Old_Chouteau_Mansion,_St._Louis._Mo_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|The home of [[Auguste Chouteau]] in St. Louis. [[Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent]],<ref name="Cazorla et al"/> Chouteau and [[Pierre Laclède]] founded St. Louis in 1764.]]
The earliest European settlements in the [[Illinois Country]] (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at [[Cahokia, Illinois|Cahokia]], [[Kaskaskia, Illinois|Kaskaskia]], and [[Fort de Chartres]]. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the [[Mississippi River]], such as Kaskaskia,  also founded [[Ste. Genevieve, Missouri|Ste. Genevieve]] in the 1730s.

In 1764, after France lost the [[Seven Years' War]], [[Pierre Laclède]] and his stepson [[Auguste Chouteau]] founded what was to become the city of St. Louis.<ref>Hoffhaus. (1984). ''Chez Les Canses: Three Centuries at Kawsmouth'', Kansas City: Lowell Press. {{ISBN|0-913504-91-2}}.</ref> (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; Catholic France and Spain were 18th-century allies. [[Louis XV of France]] and [[Charles III of Spain]] were cousins, both from the House of Bourbon.<ref>[[Pacte de Famille#The third Pacte de Famille]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}})  The French families built the city's economy on the [[fur trade]] with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the [[Missouri River]]. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. French colonists used [[History of slavery in Missouri|African slaves]] as domestic servants and workers in the city.

During the negotiations for the 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to [[New Spain]] to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the [[French First Republic]]. During the [[American Revolutionary War]], St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 [[Battle of St. Louis]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010223093542/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/attack.htm ''www.usgennet.org''.] Attack On St. Louis: May 26, 1780.</ref>

===City founding===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1763–1803)}}
The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between [[Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent]] and [[Pierre Laclède|Pierre Laclède (Liguest)]] in the fall of 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though [[Ste. Genevieve, Missouri|Ste. Genevieve]] was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. This place, declared Laclède, "might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America." He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, [[Auguste Chouteau]], to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.<ref name="wade3">{{cite book |last1=Wade |first1=Richard C.|title=The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790–1830 |date=1959 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-252-06422-4 |pages=3–4|edition=1996 Illini Books}}</ref>

Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.<ref name=wade3/>

[[File:St-louis-attack.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of a mural entitled Indian Attack on the Village of St. Louis, 1780, depicting the Battle of St. Louis.|During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native American in the 1780 [[Battle of St. Louis]].]]

For the first few years of St. Louis's existence, the city was not recognized by any of the governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Van Ravenswaay |first1=Charles |title=St. Louis: An Informal History of the City and Its People, 1764-1865 |date=1991 |publisher=Missouri History Museum |isbn=9780252019159 |pages=26}}</ref> In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain [[Pontiac (Odawa leader)|Pontiac]] began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region, but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments.

St. Louis was transferred to the [[French First Republic]] in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after [[Three Flags Day|the official transfer of authority]] was made, the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as [[Ashley's Hundred]]) would later take a similar route to the West.

===19th century===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1804–1865)|History of St. Louis (1866–1904)}}
{{see also|St. Louis in the American Civil War}}
[[File:White men pose, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri in 1852 at Lynch's Slave Market - (cropped).jpg|thumb|White men pose, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1852 at Lynch's [[slave market]].]]

The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. [[Steamboat]]s first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with [[New Orleans]] and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy [[port]] and trade connections.

[[File:City of Saint Louis and Riverfront, 1874.jpg|thumb|left|City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874]]
[[File:St. Louis, Mo. tornado May 27, 1896 south broadway.JPG|thumb|South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornado]]

Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.

Settled by many Southerners in a [[Free and slave states|slave state]], the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the [[American Civil War]]. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a [[Camp Jackson Affair|clash with Union troops]]. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the [[Union blockade]] of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The [[St. Louis Arsenal]] constructed [[ironclad]]s for the [[Union Navy]].

[[History of slavery in Missouri|Slaves]] worked in many jobs on the waterfront as well as on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the [[Free and slave states|free state]] of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in [[freedom suits]], and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War.
The printing press of abolitionist [[Elijah Parish Lovejoy]] was destroyed for the third time by townsfolk. He was murdered the next year in nearby [[Alton, Illinois]].

After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the [[Eads Bridge]], named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to [[East St. Louis, Illinois]]. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the [[Gateway Arch]] Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.

On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to [[urban secession|secede]] from [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stlmag.com/news/politics/st-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together/ |title=St. Louis' Great Divorce: A complete history of the city and county separation and attempts to get back together |date=March 8, 2019 |last=Cooperman |first=Jeannette |website=[[St. Louis Magazine]] |access-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420161447/https://www.stlmag.com/news/politics/st-louis-great-divorce-history-city-county-split-attempt-to-get-back-together/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 1877 was year of significant upheaval for the city when [[1877 St. Louis general strike|a general strike occurred there]], in a fight for the eight-hour day & the banning of child labor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCabe |first1=James Dabney |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=auNCAAAAIAAJ |title=The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires |last2=Winslow |first2=Edward Martin |year=1877 |isbn=9781430443896 |location=[[Philadelphia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124212529/https://books.google.com/books?id=auNCAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the [[Anheuser-Busch]] brewery, [[Ralston Purina]] company and [[Desloge Consolidated Lead Company]] were established at St. Louis which was also home to several [[brass era]] automobile companies, including the [[Success Automobile Manufacturing Company]];<ref>Clymer, Floyd. ''Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925'' (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 32.</ref> St. Louis is the site of the [[Wainwright Building]], a skyscraper designed in 1892 by architect [[Louis Sullivan]].

===20th century===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1905–1980)}}
[[File:Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg|thumb|The Government Building at the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition|1904 World's Fair]]]]

In 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a [[St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900|several months-long strike]], with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arenson |first=Adam |title=The great heart of the republic: St. Louis and the cultural Civil War |date=2015 |publisher=University of Missouri Press |isbn=978-0-8262-2064-6 |edition=1st |location=Columbia (Mo.)}}</ref>

In 1904, the city hosted the [[1904 World's Fair|World's Fair]] and the [[1904 Summer Olympics|Olympics]], becoming the first non-European city to host the games.<ref name="1904 Olympics">{{cite web |title=1904 Summer Olympics |publisher=International Olympic Committee |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904 |access-date=April 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815120301/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1904 |archive-date=August 15, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The formal name for the 1904 World's Fair was the [[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]. Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are located in [[Forest Park (St. Louis)|Forest Park]], and other notable structures within the park's boundaries include the [[Saint Louis Art Museum|St. Louis Art Museum]], the [[Saint Louis Zoo|St. Louis Zoo]] and the [[Missouri History Museum]], as well as Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens.

After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow Era]], St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance<ref>Primm, James. ''Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980''. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri History Museum Press. 1998. Print</ref> saying that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move in.<ref>Smith, Jeffrey. "A Preservation Plan for St. Louis Part I: Historic Contexts" St. Louis, Missouri Cultural Resources Office. Web. Retrieved November 13, 2014.</ref> That ordinance was struck down in a court challenge, by the NAACP,<ref>NAACP. Papers of the NAACP Part 5. The Campaign against Residential Segregation. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. 1986. Web</ref> after which racial covenants were used to prevent the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to "persons not of Caucasian race".{{Clarify|date=December 2021|reason=Who are these racists and in what way did racial covenants restrict house sales?}} Again, St. Louisans offered a lawsuit in challenge, and such covenants were ruled unconstitutional by the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] in 1948 in ''[[Shelley v. Kraemer]]''.<ref>"Shelley House". We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement. National Park Service. Retrieved November 10, 2014.</ref>

In 1926, [[Douglass University]], a [[historically black university]] was founded by [[Benjamin F. Bowles|B. F. Bowles]] in St. Louis, and at the time no other college in St. Louis County admitted black students.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Early |first=Gerald Lyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRLhcVs_pJUC |title=Ain't But a Place: An Anthology of African American Writings about St. Louis |date=1998 |publisher=Missouri History Museum |isbn=978-1-883982-28-7 |pages=307–314 |language=en}}</ref>

In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities. During [[World War II]], the [[NAACP]] campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, [[Civil and political rights|civil rights activists]] protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].

Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.<ref>Hemmings, American City Business Journals, accessed January 22, 2022 [https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-best-of-the-little-three-1903-st-louis-runabout] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124144740/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-best-of-the-little-three-1903-st-louis-runabout|date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>

In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst [[air pollution in the United States]]. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only [[anthracite]] was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Neil|first1=Tim|title=Nov. 28 1939: The day 'Black Tuesday' rolled into St. Louis|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/nov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis/article_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html|access-date=December 8, 2016|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202041856/http://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/nov-the-day-black-tuesday-rolled-into-st-louis/article_00c3b6cd-ba69-5a19-b498-fbc29f9630c4.html|archive-date=December 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:FromLacledesLanding.JPG|thumb|upright|View of the [[Gateway Arch|Arch]] (completed 1965) from [[Laclede's Landing]], the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfront]]

''[[De jure]]'' educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and ''[[de facto]]'' segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Education/freigovel.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040621102044/http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Education/freigovel.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 21, 2004|title=St. Louis: Desegregation and School Choice in the Land of Dred Scott|access-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref>

St. Louis, like many [[Midwestern]] cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://stlouis.missouri.org/heritage/History69/|title=Physical Growth of the City of St. Louis|access-date=July 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726220826/http://stlouis.missouri.org/heritage/History69/|archive-date=July 26, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suburbanization]] from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.

Several [[urban renewal]] projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, [[Pruitt–Igoe]], became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built.

Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on [[Downtown St. Louis]].

===21st century===
{{Main|History of St. Louis (1981–present)}}
The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s continued into the new century. The city's [[Washington Avenue Historic District (St. Louis, Missouri)|old garment district]], centered on Washington Avenue in the [[Downtown St. Louis|Downtown]] and [[Downtown West, St. Louis|Downtown West]] neighborhoods, experienced major development starting in the late 1990s as many of the old factory and warehouse buildings were converted into lofts. The [[American Planning Association]] designated Washington Avenue as one of 10 Great Streets for 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-04 |title=Washington Avenue is Named "Great Street" by American Planning Association |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/Washington-Avenue-is-Named-Great-Street.cfm |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114205234/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/Washington-Avenue-is-Named-Great-Street.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Cortex Innovation Community]], located within the city's [[Central West End, St. Louis|Central West End]] neighborhood, was founded in 2002 and has become a multi-billion dollar economic engine for the region, with companies such as Microsoft and Boeing currently leasing office space.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukuljan |first=Steph |date=2022-03-21 |title=Cortex, facing unprecedented challenges, plots new course. 'This is an evolution,' says chief. |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/cortex-facing-unprecedented-challenges-plots-new-course-this-is-an-evolution-says-chief/article_db2258b1-9860-58d1-94cf-bbff7160bca3.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115030941/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/cortex-facing-unprecedented-challenges-plots-new-course-this-is-an-evolution-says-chief/article_db2258b1-9860-58d1-94cf-bbff7160bca3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bean |first=Randy |title=Meet Me In St. Louis – The Reemergence Of An Innovation Hub |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2020/03/26/meet-me-in-st-louis--the-reemergence-of-an-innovation-hub/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115030952/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2020/03/26/meet-me-in-st-louis--the-reemergence-of-an-innovation-hub/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Forest Park Southeast, St. Louis|Forest Park Southeast]] neighborhood in the central corridor has seen major investment starting in the early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2018, over $50 million worth of residential construction has been built in the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Doug |date=2018-04-29 |title=These longtime St. Louis residents are digging in as their neighborhood takes off |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/these-longtime-st-louis-residents-are-digging-in-as-their-neighborhood-takes-off/article_5e8244f1-742d-5a7a-b173-fff8f930f088.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120002744/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/these-longtime-st-louis-residents-are-digging-in-as-their-neighborhood-takes-off/article_5e8244f1-742d-5a7a-b173-fff8f930f088.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The population of the neighborhood has increased by 19% from the 2010 to 2020 Census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forest Park South East Census Data {{!}} City of St. Louis |url=https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/research/census/data/neighborhoods/neighborhood.cfm |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=stlouis-mo.gov |language=en |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518142148/https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/planning/research/census/data/neighborhoods/neighborhood.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[St. Louis Rams]] of the [[National Football League]] controversially returned to [[Los Angeles]] in 2016. The city of St. Louis sued the NFL in 2017, alleging the league breached its own relocation guidelines to profit at the expense of the city. In 2021, the NFL and Rams owner [[Stan Kroenke]] agreed to settle out of court with the city for $790 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-06 |title=Rams owner Kroenke rips St. Louis market as he seeks LA move |url=https://apnews.com/article/f8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524060119/https://apnews.com/article/f8703bf3a7d7495ebea1884c8a71f04e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-24 |title=$790M settlement in lawsuit over Rams' St. Louis departure |url=https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124092827/https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-los-angeles-st-louis-1cff28235e3d10777a86103d983cd2f1 |url-status=live }}</ref>