Restorationism

==Uses of the term==
The terms ''restorationism'', ''restorationist'' and ''restoration'' are used in several senses within [[Christianity]]. "Restorationism" in the sense of "Christian primitivism" refers to the attempt to correct perceived shortcomings of the current church by using the [[Christianity in the 1st century|primitive church]] as a model to reconstruct [[early Christianity]],<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, {{ISBN|0-8028-3898-7}}, 9780802838988, entry on ''Restoration, Historical Models of''</ref>{{Rp|635}} and has also been described as "practicing church the way it is perceived to have been done in the [[New Testament]]".<ref name="Routledge Companion"/>{{Rp|217}} Restorationism is called "apostolic" as representing the form of Christianity that the [[Twelve Apostles]] followed. These themes arise early in church history, first appearing in the works of [[Iranaeus]],<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Models of Restoration"/>{{Rp|635}} and appeared in [[Medieval Restorationism|some movements during the Middle Ages]]. It was expressed to varying degrees in the theology of the [[Protestant Reformation]],<ref name="Routledge Companion"/>{{Rp|217}} and [[Protestantism]] has been described as "a form of Christian restorationism, though some of its forms – for example the [[Churches of Christ]] or the [[Baptists]] – are more restorationist than others".<ref>David Lynn Holmes, ''The faiths of the founding fathers'', Oxford University Press US, 2006, {{ISBN|0-19-530092-0}}, 9780195300925, 225 pages</ref>{{Rp|81–82}} A number of historical movements within Christianity may be described as "restoration movements", including the [[Glasite]]s in Scotland and England, the independent church led by [[James Haldane]] and [[Robert Haldane]] in Scotland, the American [[Restoration Movement]], the [[Landmarkism|Landmark Baptists]] and the [[Mormonism|Mormons]].<ref>Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley, ''The encyclopedia of Christianity'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2005, 952 pages, {{ISBN|0-8028-2416-1}}, 9780802824165, entry on ''Restoration Movements''</ref>{{Rp|659pf}} A variety of more contemporary movements have also been described as "restorationist".<ref>Max Turner, "[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/vox/vol19/ecclesiology_turner.pdf Ecclesiology In The Major 'Apostolic' Restorationist Churches In The United Kingdom]", ''Vox Evangelica'' 19 (1989): 83–108.</ref><ref>Elaine Milley, "[http://www.gladtidingsnl.org/articles/emilley1.pdf Modern Theology of Restorationism]", {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418155804/http://www.gladtidingsnl.org/articles/emilley1.pdf |date=2016-04-18 }}, Master's Thesis, Theological Studies Department, Tyndale College and Seminary</ref> Restorationism has been described as a basic component of some [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] movements such as the [[Assemblies of God]].<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, ''Restoring the faith: the Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American culture'', University of Illinois Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0-252-06281-7}}, 9780252062810, 281 pages</ref>{{Rp|4–5}} The terms "Restorationism movement" and "Restorationist movement" have also been applied to the [[British New Church Movement]].<ref>Stephen Hunt, ''Alternative religions: a sociological introduction'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, {{ISBN|0-7546-3410-8}}, 9780754634102, 268 pages</ref>{{Rp|82–83}}

Capitalized, the term is also used as a synonym for the American [[Restoration Movement]].<ref name="Routledge Companion">Gerard Mannion and Lewis S. Mudge, ''The Routledge companion to the Christian church'', Routledge, 2008, {{ISBN|0-415-37420-0}}, 9780415374200, page 634</ref>{{Rp|225–226}}<ref>
See for example Cassandra Yacovazzi, "[https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2104/5343/Cassie_Yacovazzi_masters.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y ''The Crisis of Sectarianism: Restorationist, Catholic, and Mormon Converts in Antebellum America''], Masters Thesis, Department of History, [[Baylor University]], May 2009</ref> The term "restorationism" can also include the belief that the Jewish people must be restored to the [[promised land]] in fulfillment of biblical prophecy before the [[Second Coming]] of [[Christ]].<ref>Anouar Majid, "[http://alh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/ajp017v1 The Political Geography of Holiness] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160210084928/http://alh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/ajp017v1 |date=2016-02-10 }}", ''American Literary History'', April 17, 2009</ref>{{Rp|3}} ''Christian restorationism'' is generally used to describe the 19th century movement based on this belief, though the term ''[[Christian Zionism]]'' is more commonly used to describe later forms. "Restorationism" is also used to describe a form of [[postmillennialism]] developed during the later half of the 20th century, which was influential among a number of [[charismatic movement|charismatic]] groups and the [[British new church movement]].<ref>Stephen Hunt, ''Christian millenarianism: from the early church to Waco'', Indiana University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-253-21491-2}}, 9780253214911, 258 pages</ref>{{Rp|57–58}}

The term ''primitive'',<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Knight|title=Primitive Christianity in Crisis}}</ref> in contrast with other uses, refers to a basis in scholarship and research into the actual writings of the [[church fathers]] and other historical documents. Since written documents for the underground first-century church are sparse, the primitive church passed down its knowledge verbally. Elements of the primitive Christianity movement reject the [[patristic]] tradition of the prolific extrabiblical 2nd- and 3rd-century redaction of this knowledge (the [[Ante-Nicene Fathers]]), and instead attempt to reconstruct primitive church practices as they might have existed in the [[Apostolic Age]]. To do this, they [[Christian revival|revive]] practices found in the Old Testament. The term ''apostolic'' refers to a nonmainstream, often literal, [[apostolic succession]] or historical lineage tracing back to the Apostles and the [[Great Commission]]. These restorationist threads are sometimes regarded critically as being [[Judaizers]] in the [[Ebionite]] tradition.<ref>{{cite book|first=Roderick|last=Meredith|title=Restoring Apostolic Christianity}}</ref>