Regina, Saskatchewan

==History==
{{Main|History of Regina}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Regina history}}

===Early history (1882–1945)===
Regina was established as the territorial seat of government in 1882 when [[Edgar Dewdney]], the [[lieutenant-governor]] of the [[North-West Territories]], insisted on the site over the better developed [[Battleford]], [[Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan|Troy]] and [[Fort Qu'Appelle]] (the latter some {{cvt|30|mi|order=flip}} to the east, one on rolling plains and the other in the Qu'Appelle Valley between two lakes). These communities were considered better locations for what was anticipated to be a [[metropole]] for the Canadian plains. These locations had ample access to water and resided on treed rolling parklands. "Pile-of-Bones", as the site for Regina was then called (or, in Cree, {{lang|cr|ᐅᐢᑲᓇ ᑳᐊᓵᐢᑌᑭ}} ''Oskana kâ-asastêki''),<ref>[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/regina.html Daria Coneghan, "Regina," ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429215846/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/regina.html |date=29 April 2008 }}. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oskana kâ-asastêki |url=https://itwewina.altlab.app/word/oskana_kâ-asastêki/ |website=Itwêwina Plains Cree dictionary |publisher=Alberta Language Technology Lab |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History - Land Acknowledgement |url=https://mackenzie.art/about/history/ |website=MacKenzie Art Gallery |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> was by contrast located in arid and featureless grassland.

Lieutenant-Governor [[Edgar Dewdney|Dewdney]] had acquired land adjacent to the route of the future CPR line at Pile-of-Bones, which was distinguished only by collections of bison bones near a small spring run-off creek, some few kilometres downstream from its origin in the midst of what are now wheat fields. There was an "obvious conflict of interest" in Dewdney's choosing the site of Pile-of-Bones as the territorial seat of government<ref>After his term as Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, Dewdney was again elected to Parliament and served as the member for Assiniboia East (now southeastern Saskatchewan) from 1888 to 1891. During this period he also served as minister of the Interior and superintendent of Indian Affairs. In 1892 he was appointed to the now non-executive post of Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. He served in this post until 1897. He retired from politics in 1900 after unsuccessfully running for Parliament in New Westminster, British Columbia</ref> and it was a national scandal at the time.<ref>Pierre Berton, ''The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881–1885'' (Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1973), 120</ref> But until 1897, when [[responsible government]] was accomplished in the Territories,<ref>David J. Hall, [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-territories-1870-1905/  "North-West Territories"], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925040622/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-territories-1870-1905/ |date=25 September 2017 }} ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 19 November 2007.</ref> the lieutenant-governor and council governed by fiat and there was little legitimate means of challenging such decisions outside the federal capital of [[Ottawa]]. There, the Territories were remote and of little concern. [[Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll]], wife of the then [[Governor General of Canada]], named the new community ''Regina'', in honour of her mother, [[Queen Victoria]].<ref>{{cite journal| last=Archer| first=John H.| title=Regina: A Royal City| journal=Monarchy Canada Magazine| volume=Spring 1996| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada| location=Toronto| year=1996| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/regina.htm| access-date=30 June 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209220023/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/regina.htm| archive-date=9 February 2008| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Commercial considerations prevailed and the town's authentic development soon began as a collection of wooden shanties and tent shacks clustered around the site designated by the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|CPR]] for its future station, some {{cvt|2|mi|order=flip}} to the east of where Dewdney had reserved substantial landholdings for himself and where he sited the Territorial (now the Saskatchewan) [[Government House (Saskatchewan)|Government House]].<ref>Pierre Berton, ''The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881–1885'' (Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1973), pp.121–23)</ref>
[[File:CourtHouseLouisRielTrial.jpg|thumb|left|The Regina Court House during [[Louis Riel]]'s trial in 1885. He was brought to Regina following the [[North-West Rebellion]].]]
Regina attained national prominence in 1885 during the [[North-West Rebellion]] when troops were mostly able to be transported by train on the CPR from eastern Canada as far as [[Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan|Qu'Appelle Station]],<ref>Berton, 379. Qu'Appelle Station had been founded as Troy in 1882, was renamed Qu'Appelle Station in 1884 when the CPR arrived, again renamed South Qu'Appelle in 1902 and as Qu'Appelle 1911. See [[Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan]] and [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/quappelle.html David McLennon, "Qu'Appelle, ''The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730044128/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/quappelle.html |date=30 July 2017 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2007.</ref> before marching to the battlefield in the further Northwest – Qu'Appelle having been the major debarkation and distribution centre until 1890 when the completion of the Qu’Appelle, Long Lake, and Saskatchewan Railway linked Regina with [[Saskatoon]] and [[Prince Albert, Saskatchewan|Prince Albert]].<ref>[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/quappelle.htmlDavid McLennon, "Qu'Appelle, ''The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105416/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/quappelle.htmlDavid |date=4 March 2016 }}. Retrieved 13 July 2007.</ref> Subsequently, the rebellion's leader, [[Louis Riel]], was tried and hanged in Regina – giving the infant community increased and, at the time, not unwelcome national attention in connection with a figure who was generally at the time considered an unalloyed villain in anglophone Canada.<ref>Maggie Siggins, ''Riel: A Life of Revolution'' (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1994), 447.</ref> The episode, including Riel's imprisonment, trial and execution, brought the new Regina [[Leader-Post|''Leader'']] (later the ''Leader-Post'') to national prominence.

Regina was incorporated as a city on 19 June 1903, with the MLA who introduced the charter bill, [[James B. Hawkes|James Hawkes]], declaring, "Regina has the brightest future before it of any place in the North West Territories".<ref>Mein, Lillian; Mein, Stewart (eds), ''Regina, The Street Where You Live: The Origins of Regina Street Names'', 1979, Regina Public Library</ref> Several years later the city was proclaimed the capital of the 1905 province of Saskatchewan on 23 May 1906, by the first provincial government, led by Premier [[Thomas Walter Scott|Walter Scott]]; the monumental [[Saskatchewan Legislative Building]] was built between 1908 and 1912.
[[File:Damage to buildings on Lorne St. after cyclone.jpg|thumb|left|In June 1912, a [[tornado]] locally referred to as the [[Regina Cyclone]] devastated the city. The tornado remains the deadliest recorded tornado in Canadian history.]]
The "[[Regina Cyclone]]" was a tornado that devastated the city on 30 June 1912 and remains the deadliest tornado in Canadian history, with a total of 28 fatalities, the population of the city having been 30,213 in 1911. Green funnel clouds formed and touched down south of the city, tearing a swath through the residential area between Wascana Lake and Victoria Avenue, continuing through the downtown business district, rail yards, warehouse district, and northern residential area.

From 1920 to 1926 Regina used [[Single transferable vote]] (STV), a form of proportional representation, to elect its councillors. Councillors were elected in one at-large district. Each voter cast just a single vote, using a ranked transferable ballot.<ref>Grofman, Elections in Australia, Ireland and Malta Using STV</ref>

Regina grew rapidly until the beginning of the [[Great Depression]], in 1929, though only to a small fraction of the originally anticipated population explosion as population centre of the new province. By this time, Saskatchewan was considered the third province of Canada<ref>[http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0501cfen.htm Kevin Avram, "A tale of two provinces," ''Farmers for economic freedom: Updates from the Prairie Centre/Centre for Prairie Agriculture in Regina, Saskatchewan.'' May 21, 2001.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228012220/http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0501cfen.htm |date=28 December 2008 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> in both population and economic indicators. Thereafter, Saskatchewan never recovered its early promise and Regina's growth slowed and at times reversed.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

In 1933, Regina hosted the first national convention [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (predecessor of the [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|NDP]]). At the convention, the CCF adopted a programme known as the [[Regina Manifesto]], which set out the new party's goals.<ref>J.T. Morley, [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation/  "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920083519/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation/ |date=20 September 2017 }} ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Retrieved 18 November 2007.</ref> In 1935, Regina gained notoriety for the Regina Riot, an incident of the [[On-to-Ottawa Trek]]. (See [[History of Regina, Saskatchewan|The Depression, the CCF and the Regina Riot]].) Beginning in the 1930s, Regina became known as a centre of considerable political activism and experimentation as its people sought to adjust to new, reduced economic realities, including the co-operative movement and medicare.

===Modern history (1945–present)===
[[File:Regina Met and Army & Navy 1965.jpg|thumb|A [[trolleybus]] on Broad Street in 1965. The movie theatre and department store were later demolished. Regina saw a number of buildings demolished from 1945 to the 1970s.]]
The disappearance of the [[Simpson's]], [[Eaton's]] and [[Army & Navy Stores (Canada)|Army & Navy]] retail department stores in or near the central business district<ref>latterly deemed "Market Square," and not to be confused with the historic Market Square, the site of the [[Regina Riot]] on what is now the location of the Regina City Police Station). [http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/on-to-ottawa_trek_and_the_regina_riot.html Bill Waiser, "On-to-Ottawa Trek and the Regina Riot," ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927110738/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/on-to-ottawa_trek_and_the_regina_riot.html |date=27 September 2017 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> and [[Simpsons-Sears]] to the north on Broad Street, left only the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] as a large department store in Regina-centre. This, with the proliferation of shopping malls beginning in the 1960s and "[[big box store]]s" in the 1990s on the periphery, together with a corresponding drift of entertainment venues (and all but one downtown cinema) to the city outskirts, had depleted the city centre. The former [[Hudson's Bay (retailer)|Hudson's Bay Company]] department store (previously the site of the Regina Theatre though long vacant after that burned to the ground) has been converted into offices; [[Globe Theatre, Regina|Globe Theatre]], located in the [[Prince Edward Building (Regina)|old Post Office]] building at 11th Avenue and Scarth Street, [[Casino Regina]] and its show lounge in the former CPR train station, the [[Cornwall Centre (Regina, Saskatchewan)|Cornwall Centre]] and downtown restaurants now draw people downtown again.

Many buildings of significance and value were lost during the period from 1945 through approximately 1970: Knox [[United Church of Canada|United Church]] was demolished in 1951; the [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] city hall in 1964 (the failed shopping mall which replaced it is now office space for the [[Government of Canada]]<ref>[http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/db/text/archives/2002/fall2002/article006-e.html Public Works and Government Services Canada, "Revitalizing Downtown Regina" (Fall 2002).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419021507/http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/db/text/archives/2002/fall2002/article006-e.html |date=19 April 2005 }}</ref>) and the 1894 [[Supreme Court of Saskatchewan|Supreme Court of the North-West Territories]] building at Hamilton Street and Victoria Avenue in 1965. 
[[File:Wascana Lake from the Legislative building in the 70s.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wascana Centre]] in 1970, eight years after it was established]]
In 1962 [[Wascana Centre|Wascana Centre Authority]] was established to govern the sprawling 50-year-old, {{cvt|2300|acre|order=flip}} [[Urban parks in Canada|urban park]] and legislative grounds. A 100-year plan was developed by World Trade Centre Architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/GON001G.htm|title=The Work of Minoru Yamasaki|last=Fletcher|first=Tom|date=1 December 2018|website=New York Architecture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317103511/http://www.nyc-architecture.com/GON/GON001G.htm|archive-date=17 March 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> and landscape architect [[Thomas Church (landscape architect)|Thomas Church]], as part of developing a new University of Saskatchewan campus in the southeast end of the park. The master plan has been subsequently revised every five to seven years since, most recently in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wascana.ca/about-us/wc-master-plan|title=Wascana Centre Master Plan|date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201183342/http://wascana.ca/about-us/wc-master-plan|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wascana Centre]] has made Regina as enjoyable and fulfilling for residents as it had long been the "[[metropole]]" for farmers and residents of small neighbouring towns. Despite the setting, improbable though it always was compared with other more likely sites for the capitol, the efforts' results were favourable.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The long-imperilled [[Government House (Saskatchewan)|Government House]] was saved in 1981 after decades of neglect and returned to viceregal use,<ref>[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/government_house.html Michael Jackson, "Government House," ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112182744/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/government_house.html |date=12 January 2008 }}. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref> the former Anglican diocesan property at Broad Street and College Avenue is being redeveloped with strict covenants to maintain the integrity of the diocesan buildings and St Chad's School<ref>[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/anglican_church_of_canada.html Trevor Powell, "Anglican Church of Canada," in ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109215547/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/anglican_church_of_canada.html |date=9 November 2016 }}. Retrieved 18 October 2007.</ref> and the former Sacred Heart Academy building<ref>Recalled though not explicitly named by [[Erika Ritter]] in her humorous memoir ''Ritter in Residence''.</ref> immediately adjacent to the [[Holy Rosary Cathedral (Regina)|Roman Catholic Cathedral]] has been converted into townhouses.

Recently older buildings have been put to new uses, including the old Normal School on the Regina College campus of the University of Regina (now the [[Canada Saskatchewan Production Studios]]) and the old Post Office on the Scarth Street Mall. [[Regina's historic buildings and precincts#The warehouse district|The Warehouse District]], immediately adjacent to the central business district to the north of the CPR line, has become a desirable commercial and residential precinct as historic warehouses have been converted to retail, nightclubs and residential use.