Newcastle University

==History==
[[File:Armstrong Building, Newcastle University, 7 September 2013 (14).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The Armstrong Building|alt=|left]]
{{See also|History of Durham University|Colleges of Durham University#Colleges in Newcastle}}
The establishment of a university in  [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] was first proposed in 1831 by [[Thomas Michael Greenhow|Thomas Greenhow]] in a lecture to the [[Literary and Philosophical Society]]. In 1832 a group of local medics – physicians George Fife (teaching ''materia medica'' and therapeutics) and Samuel Knott (teaching theory and practice of medicine), and surgeons [[John Fife (surgeon)|John Fife]] (teaching surgery), Alexander Fraser (teaching anatomy and physiology) and Henry Glassford Potter (teaching chemistry) – started offering medical lectures in Bell's Court to supplement the apprenticeship system (a fourth surgeon, Duncan McAllum, is mentioned by some sources among the founders, but was not included in the prospectus). The first session started on 1 October 1832 with eight or nine students, including [[John Snow]], then apprenticed to a local surgeon-apothecary, the opening lecture being delivered by John Fife. In 1834 the lectures and practical demonstrations moved to the Hall of the Company of Barber Surgeons to accommodate the growing number of students, and the School of Medicine and Surgery was formally established on 1 October 1834.<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Durham University: Last of the Ancient Universities and First of the New (1831–1871)|last=Andrews|first=Matthew Paul|type=DPhil|publisher=University of Oxford|pages=235–237|chapter=Chapter 7 – Durham and Higher Education in Newcastle|date=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_93j18W7cvwC&pg=PA30|first1=Peter |last1=Vinten-Johansen|first2=Howard |last2=Brody|first3=Nigel |last3=Paneth|first4=Stephen |last4=Rachman|first5=Michael |last5=Rip|first6=David |last6=Zuck|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1 May 2003|isbn=9780199747887|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802052509/https://books.google.com/books?id=_93j18W7cvwC&pg=PA30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Collegium Medicum Novocastrense : the history of the Medical School, afterwards the Durham College of Medicine at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for forty years, from 1832 to 1872|url=https://archive.org/details/b22303340/mode/1up|pages=3–12|author=Dennis Embleton|publisher=Andrew Reid, Sons & Co.|date=1890}}</ref>
[[File:Architecture Building, Newcastle University, 5 September 2013 (3).jpg|thumb|Architecture Building, Newcastle University]]
On 25 June 1851, following a dispute among the teaching staff, the school was formally dissolved and the lecturers split into two rival institutions. The majority formed the Newcastle College of Medicine, and the others established themselves as the Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine and Practical Science with competing lecture courses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/newcastle-upon-tyne-college-of-medicine-and-practical-science.html |title=Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine and Practical Science lecture list |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626211741/https://dokumen.tips/documents/newcastle-upon-tyne-college-of-medicine-and-practical-science.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 1851 the majority college was recognised by the [[Society of Apothecaries]] and in October by the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] and in January 1852 was approved by the [[University of London]] to submit its students for London medical degree examinations. Later in 1852, the majority college was formally linked to the [[Durham University|University of Durham]], becoming the "Newcastle-upon-Tyne College of Medicine in connection with the University of Durham".<ref>{{cite book|title=Collegium Medicum Novocastrense : the history of the Medical School, afterwards the "Durham College of Medicine at Newcastle-upon-Tyne", for forty years, from 1832 to 1872|url=https://archive.org/details/b22303340/mode/1up|pages=35, 52–53|author=Dennis Embleton|publisher=Andrew Reid, Sons & Co.|date=1890}}</ref> The college awarded its first 'Licence in Medicine' (LicMed) under the auspices of the University of Durham in 1856, with external examiners from Oxford and London, becoming the first medical examining body on the United Kingdom to institute practical examinations alongside written and ''viva voce'' examinations. The two colleges amalgamated in 1857, with the first session of the unified college opening on 3 October that year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collegium Medicum Novocastrense : the history of the Medical School, afterwards the Durham College of Medicine at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for forty years, from 1832 to 1872|url=https://archive.org/details/b22303340/mode/1up|pages=60, 63–65|author=Dennis Embleton|publisher=Andrew Reid, Sons & Co.|date=1890}}</ref> In 1861 the degree of Master of Surgery was introduced, allowing for the double qualification of Licence of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, along with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Doctor of Medicine, both of which required residence in Durham. In 1870 the college was brought into closer connection with the university, becoming the "Durham University College of Medicine" with the Reader in Medicine becoming the Professor of Medicine, the college gaining a representative on the university's senate, and residence at the college henceforth counting as residence in the university towards degrees in medicine and surgery, removing the need for students to spend a period of residence in Durham before they could receive the higher degrees.<ref>{{cite book|title=Collegium Medicum Novocastrense : the history of the Medical School, afterwards the Durham College of Medicine at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for forty years, from 1832 to 1872|url=https://archive.org/details/b22303340/mode/1up|pages=75, 92|author=Dennis Embleton|publisher=Andrew Reid, Sons & Co.|date=1890}}</ref>

Attempts to realise a place for the teaching of sciences in the city were finally met with the foundation of the [[Edward Fenwick Boyd#College of Physical Science|College of Physical Science]] in 1871. The college offered instruction in mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology to meet the growing needs of the mining industry, becoming the "Durham College of Physical Science" in 1883 and then renamed after [[William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong|William George Armstrong]] as ''Armstrong College'' in 1904. Both of these institutions were part of the University of Durham, which became a federal university under the Durham University Act 1908 with two divisions in Durham and Newcastle. By 1908, the Newcastle division was teaching a full range of subjects in the Faculties of Medicine, Arts, and Science, which also included agriculture and engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lagb2006.ncl.ac.uk/call.php |title=Linguistics Association of Great Britain Conference 2006 |publisher=Newcastle University |access-date=29 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208173428/http://lagb2006.ncl.ac.uk/call.php |archive-date=8 December 2007 }}</ref>

Throughout the early 20th century, the medical and science colleges outpaced the growth of their Durham counterparts. Following tensions between the two Newcastle colleges in the early 1930s, a [[Royal Commission]] in 1934 recommended the merger of the two colleges to form "King's College, Durham"; that was effected by the Durham University Act 1937. Further growth of both division of the federal university led to tensions within the structure and a feeling that it was too large to manage as a single body. On 1 August 1963 the Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne Act 1963 separated the two thus creating the "University of Newcastle upon Tyne".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/regulations/docs/statutes.pdf |title=Universities of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne Act 1963 |publisher=Newcastle University |access-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705075412/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/regulations/docs/statutes.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As the successor of King's College, Durham, the university at its founding in 1963, adopted the [[coat of arms]] originally granted to the Council of King's College in 1937.

Above the [[portico]] of the Students' Union building are bas-relief carvings of the arms and mottoes of the University of Durham, Armstrong College and Durham University College of Medicine, the predecessor parts of Newcastle University. While a Latin motto, {{lang|la|mens agitat molem}} (''mind moves matter'') appears in the Students' Union building, the university itself does not have an official motto.