New York City Police Department

==History==
{{Main|History of the New York City Police Department}}

The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old [[watchman (law enforcement)|night watch]] system. Mayor [[William Frederick Havemeyer|William Havemeyer]] shepherded the NYPD together.<ref>''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', May 13, 2017, p. C6</ref> In 1857, the force was replaced by the Metropolitan Police.{{fact|date=January 2024}}

The NYPD appointed its first Black officer in 1911 and the first female officers in 1918.<ref>{{cite web|last=Browne|first=Arthur|title=BOOK EXCERPT: First African-American to join NYPD suffered the silent hatred of his fellow officers|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brought-black-blue-article-1.2273796 |date=June 28, 2015 |access-date=2020-08-03|website=New York Daily News|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918235312/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brought-black-blue-article-1.2273796|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Rescue worker reaching into a New York Police car covered with debris (28802606564).jpg|thumb|NYPD Sergeant searching through a cruiser covered in debris during 9/11]]
During [[Richard Enright]]'s tenure as commissioner, the country's first [[Shomrim Society]], a fraternal organization of Jewish police officers, was founded in the NYPD in 1924. At the time, NYPD had 700 Jewish officers on the force.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jta.org/1924/11/14/archive/shomrim-society-formed-by-jewish-members-of-new-york-p-d|title=Shomrim Society Formed by Jewish Members of New York P. D|date=1924-11-14|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref> 

In 1961, highly decorated NYPD officer [[Mario Biaggi]], later a US Congressman, became the first police officer in [[New York State]] to be made a member of the National Police Officers Hall of Fame.<ref name="congress 1986">{{citation |title=Foreign Assistance for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland |chapter=Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 4329, March 5 and 6, 1986 |date=1986 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbWVFCD-JksC&dq=%22mario+biaggi%22++%22high+school%22+haaren&pg=PA100 |language=en |access-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121034415/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Foreign_Assistance_for_Northern_Ireland/LbWVFCD-JksC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22mario+biaggi%22++%22high+school%22+haaren&pg=PA100&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="congress direct">{{Citation|url=https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=B000432|title=Biaggi, Mario (1917-2015)|work=Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress|access-date=December 16, 2021|archive-date=December 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205830/https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=B000432|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="upi">{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/03/Mario-Biaggi-congressman-under-the-gun/3886549691200/|title=Mario Biaggi, congressman under the gun|website=UPI|date=June 3, 1987|access-date=December 16, 2021|archive-date=December 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210230159/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/06/03/Mario-Biaggi-congressman-under-the-gun/3886549691200/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the mid-1980s, NYPD began to police street-level drug markets much more intensively, leading to a sharp increase in incarceration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Mason B.|date=2021|title=How the Rockefeller Laws Hit the Streets: Drug Policing and the Politics of State Competence in New York City, 1973–1989|journal=Modern American History|volume=4|language=en|pages=67–90|doi=10.1017/mah.2020.23|issn=2515-0456|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 1992, Mayor David Dinkins created an independent Civilian Complaint Review Board for the NYPD. In response to this, some NYPD officers violently protested<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=Shielded from Justice: New York: Civilian Complaint Review Board|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/uspo1015.htm|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020515/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/police/uspo1015.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2014-12-22|title=Police Unions Haven't Only Battled Bill de Blasio's City Hall|url=https://observer.com/2014/12/for-police-unions-a-history-of-warring-with-city-hall/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=Observer|language=en-US |first1=Ross |last1=Barkan |archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202045240/https://observer.com/2014/12/for-police-unions-a-history-of-warring-with-city-hall/|url-status=live}}</ref> and rioted.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|last=Oliver|first=Pamela|title=When the NYPD Rioted |website=Race, Politics, Justice |publisher=Department of Sociology – University of Wisconsin-Madison |url=https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2020/07/18/when-the-nypd-rioted/|access-date=2021-01-15|language=en-US |date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228154120/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2020/07/18/when-the-nypd-rioted/|url-status=live}}</ref> They blocked traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge, demonstrated at City Hall and shouted racial epithets.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /> The protests were sponsored by the NYPD union.<ref name=":02" />

In 1994 the NYPD developed the [[CompStat]] computer system for tracking crime geographically, which is now in use by other police departments in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies |website=National Criminal Justice Reference Service|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265292|access-date=2020-08-29 |date=August 2013 |language=en|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025032359/https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265292|url-status=live}}</ref> Research is mixed on whether CompStat had an impact on crime rates.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Didier|first=Emmanuel|date=2018-07-30|title=Globalization of Quantitative Policing: Between Management and Statactivism|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053308|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|volume=44|issue=1|pages=515–534|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053308|s2cid=150164073|issn=0360-0572|access-date=January 15, 2021|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301231403/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053308|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What Caused the Crime Decline?|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/what-caused-crime-decline|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.brennancenter.org|language=en|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119223557/https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/what-caused-crime-decline|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[New York City Transit Police]] and the [[New York City Housing Authority Police Department]] were merged into the NYPD in 1995.<ref name=":3" />

In 2021, the NYPD ceased enforcement of [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] crimes other than [[driving under the influence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/policy/marijuana-law.page|title=Marijuana Enforcement|publisher=New York Police Department|accessdate=April 10, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410213340/https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/policy/marijuana-law.page|url-status=live}}</ref>