Mother's Day

==Establishment of holiday==
[[File:Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church, the International Mother's Day Shrine. Grafton, West Virginia LCCN2015631665.tif|thumb|[[Andrews Methodist Church|Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church]], the site of the first Mother's Day religious service in 1908, is the [[International Mother's Day Shrine]].]]
{{main|Mother's Day (United States)#History}}
The modern holiday was first celebrated in 1907, when [[Anna Jarvis]] held the first Mother's Day [[service of worship]] at [[Andrews Methodist Church|Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church]] in [[Grafton, West Virginia]].<ref name="O'Reilly2010"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2018/05/10/nietzsche-wishes-you-an-ambivalent-mothers-day/|title=Nietzsche Wishes You an Ambivalent Mother's Day|last1=Kaag|first1=John|date=10 May 2018|work=[[The Paris Review]]|access-date=13 May 2018|last2=Cleary|first2=Skye C.}}</ref> Andrew's Methodist Church now holds the [[International Mother's Day Shrine]].<ref name="O'Reilly2010"/> Her campaign to make Mother's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her mother, [[Ann Jarvis|Ann Reeves Jarvis]], died. Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the [[American Civil War]], and created Mother's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. She and another peace activist and suffragist [[Julia Ward Howe]] had been urging for the creation of a "Mother's Day For Peace" where mothers would ask that their husbands and sons were no longer killed in wars. 40 years before it became an official holiday, Ward Howe had made her [[Mother's Day Proclamation]] in 1870, which called upon mothers of all nationalities to band together to promote the "amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace."<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Mother's Day as a Day of Peace: Julia Ward Howe|url=https://peacealliance.org/history-of-mothers-day-as-a-day-of-peace-julia-ward-howe/|last=Matthew|date=8 May 2015|website=The Peace Alliance|language=en-US|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Anna Jarvis wanted to honor this and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is "the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ed.gov/news/newsletters/engagingfamilies/index.html|title=Engaging Families – U.S. Department of Education|date=14 December 2017|website=www2.ed.gov}}</ref>

In 1908, the [[U.S. Congress]] rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a "Mother-in-law's Day".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Panati|first1=Charles|title=Panati's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things|date=2016|publisher=Book Sales|isbn=978-0785834373|page=59|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utroDAAAQBAJ&q=%22mother-in-law's%20day%22%201908&pg=PA59|language=en}}</ref> However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Antolini|first1=Katharine Lane|title=Encyclopedia of Motherhood |date=2010 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1412968461 |page=602 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pcxqzal4bEYC&q=%22mother's%20day%22%201911%20jarvis&pg=PA602 |chapter=Jarvis, Anna}}</ref> with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday<ref name="RiceTedesco2015">{{cite book|author1=Connie Park Rice|author2=Marie Tedesco|title=Women of the Mountain South: Identity, Work, and Activism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fkBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|date= 2015|publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-4522-8 |pages=29–}}</ref> (the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910). In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.<ref name="deseret" />

Although Jarvis, who started Mother's Day as a liturgical service, was successful in founding the celebration, she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday, and it became associated with the phrase "[[Hallmark holiday]]". By the early 1920s, [[Hallmark Cards]] and other companies had started selling Mother's Day cards. Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother's Day and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment, not profit. As a result, she organized boycotts of Mother's Day, and threatened to issue [[lawsuits]] against the companies involved.<ref name="kansas2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.kansas.com/2014/04/27/3424594/hallmark-celebrates-the-100th.html|title=Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother's Day, started by a woman who grew to despise it|work=kansas.com|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705144324/http://www.kansas.com/2014/04/27/3424594/hallmark-celebrates-the-100th.html|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude, instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards.<ref name="deseret">{{cite web|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602516/Mothers-Day-100-year-history-a-colorful-tale-of-love-anger-and-civic-unrest.html|title=Mother's Day 100-year history a colorful tale of love, anger and civic unrest|author=Lois M. Collins|date=6 May 2014|work=Deseret News|access-date=7 May 2014|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512220324/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602516/Mothers-Day-100-year-history-a-colorful-tale-of-love-anger-and-civic-unrest.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jarvis protested at a candy makers' convention in [[Philadelphia]] in 1923, and at a meeting of [[American War Mothers]] in 1925. By this time, [[carnation]]s had become associated with Mother's Day, and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis, who was arrested for [[Breach of the peace|disturbing the peace]].<ref name="deseret" /><ref name="kansas2014" />

In Britain, Constance Adelaide Smith was inspired to advocate for [[Mothering Sunday]], an already-existing Christian ecclesiastical celebration in which the faithful visit the church in which they received the [[sacrament]] of [[baptism]], as an equivalent celebration.<ref name="Diller1990">{{cite book |last1=Diller |first1=Harriett |title=Celebrations That Matter: A Year-Round Guide to Making Holidays Meaningful |date=1990 |publisher=Augsburg |isbn=978-0-8066-2498-3 |page=35 |language=en |quote=In England, Mothering Sunday is a day to honor both your mother church and your own mother. In the past, young people working away from home visited their mothers and the churches where they were baptized on Mothering Sunday.}}</ref><ref name="PearsonSzoke2009">{{cite book |last1=Pearson |first1=Sharon Ely |last2=Szoke |first2=Robyn |title=The Prayer Book Guide to Christian Education, Third Edition |date=2009 |publisher=[[Church Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8192-2337-1 |page=49 |language=en |quote=Mothering Sunday – In England children away from home at school or work were permitted to go home to visit their mothers and/or to visit their cathedral or mother church on this fourth Sunday of Lent. Today, many cathedrals and "mother" churches invite all who had been baptized there to return "home" to worship.}}</ref><ref name="Smith1921">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=C. Penswick |title=The Revival of Mothering Sunday |date=1921 |publisher=SPCK |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Smith1926">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Constance Penswick |title=A short history of Mothering Sunday (mid-Lent) |date=1926 |location=Nottingham |edition=3 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009976838}}</ref> She referred to [[medieval]] traditions of celebrating [[Mother Church]], 'mothers of earthly homes', [[Mary, mother of Jesus]], and [[Mother Nature]].<ref name="Smith1921"/><ref name="BL"/> Her efforts were successful in the [[British Isles]] and other parts of the English-speaking world.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=103415|title=Smith, Constance Adelaide [''pseud.'' C. Penswick Smith]|last1=Moyse|first1=Cordelia}}</ref>