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PreviewAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text==History== {{broader|History of mathematics}} One of the earliest known mathematicians was [[Thales of Miletus]] ({{Circa|624|546 BC}}); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Boyer|1991|page=43}}.</ref> He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to [[geometry]], by deriving four corollaries to [[Thales's theorem]]. The number of known mathematicians grew when [[Pythagoras of Samos]] ({{Circa|582|507 BC}}) established the [[Pythagorean school]], whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number".<ref>{{Harvnb|Boyer|1991|page=49}}.</ref> It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins. The first woman mathematician recorded by history was [[Hypatia]] of Alexandria ({{Circa|AD 350}} – 415). She succeeded her father as librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the Christian community in Alexandria punished her, presuming she was involved, by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medieval Sourcebook: Socrates Scholasticus: The Murder of Hypatia (late 4th Cent.) from Ecclesiastical History, Bk VI: Chap. 15 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hypatia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182454/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hypatia.html |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2014-11-19 |website=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]}}</ref> Science and mathematics in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages followed various models and modes of funding varied based primarily on scholars. It was extensive patronage and strong intellectual policies implemented by specific rulers that allowed scientific knowledge to develop in many areas. Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs,<ref>{{Harvnb|Abattouy|Renn|Weinig|2001}}.{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated, and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences. As these sciences received wider attention from the elite, more scholars were invited and funded to study particular sciences. An example of a translator and mathematician who benefited from this type of support was [[al-Khawarizmi]]. A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths. Examples include the work on [[optics]], [[Mathematics|maths]] and [[astronomy]] of [[Ibn al-Haytham]]. The [[Renaissance]] brought an increased emphasis on mathematics and science to Europe. During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one, many notable mathematicians had other occupations: [[Luca Pacioli]] (founder of [[accounting]]); [[Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia]] (notable engineer and bookkeeper); [[Gerolamo Cardano]] (earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion); [[Robert Recorde]] (physician) and [[François Viète]] (lawyer). As time passed, many mathematicians gravitated towards universities. An emphasis on free thinking and experimentation had begun in Britain's oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at Oxford with the scientists [[Robert Hooke]] and [[Robert Boyle]], and at Cambridge where [[Isaac Newton]] was [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics|Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics]]. Moving into the 19th century, the objective of universities all across Europe evolved from teaching the "regurgitation of knowledge" to "encourag[ing] productive thinking."<ref>Röhrs, "The Classical Idea of the University", ''Tradition and Reform of the University under an International Perspective'' p.20</ref> In 1810, Humboldt convinced the king of [[Prussia]], [[Frederick William III of Prussia|Fredrick William III]], to build a university in Berlin based on [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]]'s liberal ideas; the goal was to demonstrate the process of the discovery of knowledge and to teach students to "take account of fundamental laws of science in all their thinking." Thus, seminars and laboratories started to evolve.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rüegg|2004|pages=5–6}}.</ref> British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the Italian and German universities, but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and [[autonomy]] the changes there had begun with the [[Age of Enlightenment]], the same influences that inspired Humboldt. The Universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] emphasized the importance of [[research]], arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt's idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rüegg|2004|page=12}}.</ref> Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in [[seminars]] or [[laboratories]] and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rüegg|2004|page=13}}.</ref> According to Humboldt, the mission of the [[University of Berlin]] was to pursue scientific knowledge.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rüegg|2004|page=16}}.</ref> The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France.<ref>{{Harvnb|Rüegg|2004|pages=17–18}}.</ref> In fact, Rüegg asserts that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the idea of "freedom of scientific research, teaching and study."<ref>{{Harvnb|Rüegg|2004|page=31}}.</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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