Lausanne

==History==
The [[Roman Republic|Romans]] built a military camp, which they called {{lang|la|[[Lousanna]]}}, at the site of a [[Celt]]ic settlement, near the lake where [[Vidy]] and [[Ouchy]] are situated; on the hill above was a fort called {{lang|la|Lausodunon}} or {{lang|la|Lousodunon}} (The "-y" suffix is common to many place names of Roman origin in the region (e.g.) [[Prilly]], [[Pully]], [[Lutry]], etc.).<ref name=HDS/> By the 2nd century AD, it was known as {{lang|la|vikanor[um] Lousonnensium}} and in 280 as {{lang|la|lacu Lausonio}}. By 400, it was {{lang|la|civitas Lausanna}}, and in 990 it was mentioned as {{lang|la|Losanna}}.<ref name=HDS/>

[[File:Saint François IMG 4837.jpg|thumb|{{lang|fr|Saint-François|italic=no}} Square, {{circa|1840}}]]
After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], insecurity forced the residents of Lausanne to move to its current centre, a hilly site that was easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the [[County of Savoy|Counts of Savoy]] and the [[Bishop of Lausanne]].

From 888 to 1032, the initially relatively small town belonged to the kingdom of [[Upper Burgundy]]. During the 11th century, Lausanne developed into a political, economic and religious center. The city became the center of the secular rule of the bishops. In the period that followed, especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, Lausanne flourished. Finally, in 1275, the [[Lausanne Cathedral]] was consecrated in the presence of Pope Gregory X and [[Rudolf I of Germany|King Rudolf I of Germany]].

It was invaded by forces from the canton of [[Bern]] and remained under their domination from 1536 to 1798. The iconoclastic Bernese stripped the Lausanne cathedral of its Roman Catholic trappings, and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the cathedral, were permanently removed.<ref>They are preserved in the [[Bern Historical Museum]].</ref> Lausanne has made repeated requests to recover them, but they never were returned.

After the [[edict of Fontainebleau|revocation]] of the [[Edict of Nantes]] in 1685, Lausanne became (along with Geneva) a place of refuge for French [[Huguenot]]s. In 1729, a seminary was opened by [[Antoine Court]] and [[Benjamin Duplan]]. By 1750, 90 pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely; this number would rise to 400. Official persecution ended in 1787; a faculty of Protestant theology was established at [[Montauban]] in 1808, and the Lausanne seminary was finally closed on 18 April 1812.<ref>{{cite book |title=Le séminaire de Lausanne, 1726–1812 : instrument de la restauration du protestantisme français : étude historique fondée principalement sur les documents inédits |last=Lasserre |first=Claude |date=1997 |series=Bibliothèque historique vaudoise, no 112 |publisher=Bibliothèque historique vaudoise |location=Lausanne |isbn=978-2-88454-112-1 |oclc=39222660 |language=fr}} Also {{OCLC|39228676}}</ref> During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the city's status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss [[canton of Vaud]] under which it joined the [[Swiss Federation]].<ref name=HDS/>

===Modern history and heritage===
In 1923, the city was the venue for the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which established the modern Turkish Republic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marabello |first1=Thomas Quinn |title=The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat's Assassination |url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1949&context=sahs_review |website=Swiss American Historical Society |publisher=Swiss American Historical Society Review}}</ref> In 1964, the city played host to the Swiss National Exhibition,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expo-archive.ch/eng/index.html?siteSect=1000 |title=Lausanne 1964: Two ideas, one Expo |work=Swiss National Exhibitions – Expo-Archive |publisher=[[swissinfo]]/[[SRG SSR idée suisse#SRI - Swissinfo / Swiss Radio International|Swiss Radio International (SRI)]] |access-date=27 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408100611/http://www.expo-archive.ch/eng/index.html?siteSect=1000 |archive-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> displaying its newly found confidence to play host to major international events.

From the 1950s to 1970s, a large number of Italians, [[Spanish people|Spaniards]] and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrated to Lausanne, settling mostly in the industrial suburb of [[Renens]].

The city has served as a refuge for European artists. While under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, [[T. S. Eliot]] composed most of his 1922 poem ''[[The Waste Land]]'' ("by the waters of Leman I sat down and wept").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Waste_Land#Words_at_Liberty |title=The Waste Land – Modernism Lab Essays |website=Modernism.research.yale.edu |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> [[Ernest Hemingway]] also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, to holiday. In fact, many creative people – such as historian [[Edward Gibbon]] and Romantic era poets [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]] and [[Lord Byron|Byron]] — have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unil.ch/files/live//sites/angl/files/shared/pdf/Hemingway/Hemingway.pdf |title=The Fourteenth International Hemingway Society Conference : Hemingway's Extreme Geographies |website=Unil.ch |access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

The city has been traditionally quiet, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of demonstrations took place that exposed tensions between young people and the police. In the early 1980s, the Lôzane Bouge protests demanded the city "open an autonomous centre, lower cinema ticket prices, liberalise cannabis and end the process of keeping records on homosexuals, all accompanied by leaflets, chants, and songs in the street".<ref>"Tired of being bored", ''The Lausanner'' 3 (English, Summer/Autumn 2019), 17. https://static.mycity.travel/manage/uploads/6/30/102741/1/the-lausanner-summer-autumn-2019-n0-3.pdf</ref> Protests occurred in 2003, against the [[G8]] meetings.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anti-G8 protests turn violent in Switzerland |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20030602/local/anti-g8-protests-turn-violent-in-switzerland.148814 |newspaper=Times of Malta |date=2 June 2003 |editor=[[Reuters]] |access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

In June 2022, Lausanne launched Plateforme 10, an art district comprising three museums. The trio of museums included Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (MCBA), Photo Elysée, and the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=A landmark arts venture launches in Lausanne, Switzerland |url=https://thespaces.com/plateform-10-lausanne-switzerland-art-gallery/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The Spaces |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One Swiss City Is Giving Its Art Scene a Major Boost |url=https://www.insidehook.com/daily_brief/art/lausanne-swiss-city-art-scene |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=InsideHook |language=en-US}}</ref>