Latin Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==History== {{Main|History of Latin}} [[File:Linguistic Landscape of Central Italy.png|thumb|left|upright=1.5|The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion]] A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] refers to the styles used by the writers of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] from [[Late Antiquity|late antiquity]] onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. After the [[Western Roman Empire]] fell in 476 and [[Barbarian kingdoms|Germanic kingdoms]] took its place, the [[Germanic people]] adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Europe – Barbarian migrations and invasions|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> ===Old Latin=== {{Main|Old Latin}} [[Image:Lapis-niger.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lapis Niger]], probably the oldest extant Latin inscription, from Rome, {{Circa|600 BC|lk=no}} during the semi-legendary [[Roman Kingdom]]]] The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the [[Roman Kingdom]], traditionally founded in 753 BC, through the later part of the [[Roman Republic]], up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of [[Classical Latin]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Archaic Latin|encyclopedia=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition}}</ref> It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of [[Plautus]] and [[Terence]]. The [[Latin alphabet]] was devised from the [[Etruscan alphabet]]. The writing later changed from what was initially either a [[Right-to-left script|right-to-left]] or a [[boustrophedon]]<ref>{{harvnb|Diringer|1996|pp=533–4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H9xLAQAAMAAJ|publisher = Collier|date = 1 January 1958|language = en|page = 412|quote = In Italy, all alphabets were originally written from right to left; the oldest Latin inscription, which appears on the lapis niger of the seventh century BC, is in boustrophedon, but all other early Latin inscriptions run from right to left.|access-date = 15 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421225204/https://books.google.com/books?id=H9xLAQAAMAAJ|archive-date = 21 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Sacks |year=2003 |title=Language Visible: Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z |location=London |publisher=Broadway Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack/page/80 80] |isbn=978-0-7679-1172-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/languagevisibleu00sack/page/80 }}</ref> ===Classical Latin=== {{Main|Classical Latin}} During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to 200 AD, a new [[Classical Latin]] arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other [[literate]] men, who wrote the great works of [[classical literature]], which were taught in [[grammar]] and [[rhetoric]] schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such [[Roman school|schools]], which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech.<ref>{{cite book|page=3|title=From Latin to modern French with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman; phonology and morphology|first=Mildred K |last=Pope|author-link=Mildred Pope|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester university press|series=Publications of the University of Manchester, no. 229. French series, no. 6| year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Source book of the history of education for the Greek and Roman period|first=Paul|last=Monroe|location=London, New York|publisher=[[Macmillan & Co.]]|year=1902|pages=346–352}}</ref> ===Vulgar Latin=== {{Main|Vulgar Latin}} Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of [[Plautus]], which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of the language, Vulgar Latin (termed {{lang|la|sermo vulgi}}, "the speech of the masses", by [[Cicero]]). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be a separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed.<ref>{{harvnb|Herman|2000|p=5}} "Comparative scholars, especially in the nineteenth century … tended to see Vulgar Latin and literary Latin as two very different kinds of language, or even two different languages altogether … but [this] is now out of date"</ref> The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within the history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to the [[Romance languages]]. During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as [[Curse tablets]] and those found as [[Roman graffiti|graffiti]]. In the [[Late Latin]] period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts.<ref>{{harvnb|Herman|2000|pp=17–18}}</ref> As it was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of [[Romance languages]].<ref>{{harvnb|Herman|2000|p=8}}</ref> ===Late Latin=== {{Main|Late Latin}} Late Latin is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at a faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. ===Romance languages=== {{Main|Romance languages}} {{See also|Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance}} While the written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken [[Romance languages]] by number of native speakers are [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. Despite dialectal variation, which is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common [[Christians|Christian]] (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Muslim conquest of Spain]] in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pei |first1=Mario |last2=Gaeng |first2=Paul A. |title=The story of Latin and the Romance languages |edition=1st |year=1976 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/storyoflatinroma0000peim/page/76 76–81] |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-013312-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyoflatinroma0000peim/page/76 }}</ref> The spoken Latin that would later become [[Romanian language|Romanian]] diverged somewhat more from the other varieties, as it was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/structure/latin.html|title=History of Latin|last=Pulju|first=Timothy|website=Rice University|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages/Latin-and-the-development-of-the-Romance-languages#ref74713|title=Romance Languages|last1=Posner|first1=Rebecca|last2=Sala|first2=Marius|date=1 August 2019|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> It should also be noted, however, that for many Italians using Latin, there was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into the beginning of the [[Renaissance]]. [[Petrarch]] for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language.<ref>See Introduction, {{harvnb|Deneire|2014|pp=10–11}}</ref> ===Medieval Latin=== {{Main|Medieval Latin}} [[File:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|The Latin Malmesbury Bible from 1407]] Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the postclassical period when no corresponding Latin [[vernacular]] existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in the educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as the Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin was much freer in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin {{lang|la|sum}} and {{lang|la|eram}} are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use {{lang|la-x-medieval|fui}} and {{lang|la-x-medieval|fueram}} instead.<ref name=thorley13-15>{{cite book|pages=13–15|title=Documents in medieval Latin|first=Moe|last=Elabani|location=Ann Arbor|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-472-08567-5}}</ref> Furthermore, the meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail.<ref name=thorley13-15/> ===Renaissance and Neo-Latin=== {{Main|Renaissance Latin|Neo-Latin}} [[File:Incunabula distribution by language.png|thumb|Most 15th-century printed books ([[incunabula]]) were in Latin, with the [[vernacular language]]s playing only a secondary role.<ref name="ISTC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |title=Incunabula Short Title Catalogue |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312185857/https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/istc/index.html |archive-date=12 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and the classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as ''Neo-Latin'', or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of [[Neo-Latin studies|renewed study]], given their importance for the development of European culture, religion and science.<ref>"When we talk about "Neo-Latin", we refer to the Latin … from the time of the early Italian humanist Petrarch (1304–1374) up to the present day" {{harvnb|Knight|Tilg|2015|p=1}}</ref><ref>"Neo-Latin is the term used for the Latin which developed in Renaissance Italy … Its origins are normally associated with Petrarch" {{Cite web |url=http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/neo-latin |title=What is Neo-Latin? |access-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191707/http://www.mml.cam.ac.uk/neo-latin |archive-date=2016-10-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown.<ref>{{harvnb|Demo|2022|p=3}}</ref> The [[Renaissance]] reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken and written language by the scholarship by the [[Renaissance Humanism|Renaissance humanists]]. [[Petrarch]] and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of author's works were published by [[Isaac Casaubon]], [[Joseph Scaliger]] and others.<ref>''Latin Studies'' in {{harvnb|Bergin|Law|Speake|2004|p=272}}</ref> Nevertheless, despite the careful work of Petrarch, [[Politian]] and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following.<ref>''Criticism, textual'' in {{harvnb|Bergin|Law|Speake|2004|p=272}}</ref> Neo-Latin literature was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name a few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, [[Salutati]], [[Conrad Celtes|Celtis]], [[George Buchanan]] and [[Thomas More]].<ref>''Neo-Latin literature'' in {{harvnb|Bergin|Law|Speake|2004|pp=338–9}}</ref> Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include [[Isaac Newton]]'s ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''. Latin was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in a vernacular, such as those of [[Descartes]]. Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Helander |first=Hans |date=2012-04-01 |title=The Roles of Latin in Early Modern Europe |url=https://journals.openedition.org/annuaire-cdf/1783 |journal=L'Annuaire du Collège de France. Cours et travaux |language=en |issue=111 |pages=885–887 |doi=10.4000/annuaire-cdf.1783 |s2cid=160298764 |issn=0069-5580}}</ref> Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a [[Romance language]]) and later native or other languages.<ref>Laureys, Marc, ''Political Action'' in {{harvnb|Knight|Tilg|2015|p=356}}</ref> Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than the decline in written Latin output. ===Contemporary Latin=== {{Main|Contemporary Latin|Ecclesiastical Latin}} Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. ==== Religious use ==== [[File:Wallsend platfom 2 02.jpg|thumb|The signs at [[Wallsend Metro station]] are in English and Latin, as a tribute to [[Wallsend]]'s role as one of the outposts of the [[Roman Empire]], as the eastern end of [[Hadrian's Wall]] (hence the name) at [[Segedunum]].]] The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the [[Catholic Church]]. The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965, which permitted the use of the [[vernacular language|vernacular]]. Latin remains the language of the [[Roman Rite]]. The [[Tridentine Mass]] (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the [[Mass of Paul VI]] (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of the [[Holy See]], the primary language of its [[public journal]], the {{lang|la|[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]}}, and the working language of the [[Roman Rota]]. [[Vatican City]] is also home to the world's only [[automatic teller machine]] that gives instructions in Latin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |title=Pope's Latinist pronounces death of a language |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540843/Popes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=28 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826081734/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540843/Popes-Latinist-pronounces-death-of-a-language.html |archive-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[pontifical university|pontifical universities]] postgraduate courses of [[Canon law]] are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are a small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university.<ref>{{cite web |title=University Sermons |url=https://www.universitychurch.ox.ac.uk/content/university-sermons |website=University Church Oxford |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> [[File:Former logo of the European Council and Council of the European Union (2009).svg|thumb|right|The polyglot [[European Union]] has adopted Latin names in the logos of some of its institutions for the sake of linguistic compromise, an "ecumenical nationalism" common to most of the continent and as a sign of the continent's heritage (such as the [[Council of the European Union|EU Council]]: {{lang|la|Consilium}}).]] ==== Use of Latin for mottos ==== In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of [[Western culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title="Does Anybody Know What 'Veritas' Is?" {{!}} Gene Fant|url=https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2011/08/e2809cdoes-anybody-know-what-veritas-ise2809d|access-date=2021-02-19|website=First Things|date=August 2011 |language=en}}</ref> Canada's motto {{lang|la|[[A mari usque ad mare]]}} ("from sea to sea") and most [[list of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|provincial mottos]] are also in Latin. The [[Victoria Cross (Canada)|Canadian Victoria Cross]] is modelled after the British [[Victoria Cross]] which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin {{lang|la|Pro Valore}}. Spain's motto {{Lang|la|[[Plus ultra]]}}, meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/espana/simbolosdelestado/Paginas/index.aspx|title=La Moncloa. Símbolos del Estado|website=www.lamoncloa.gob.es|language=es|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> It is taken from the personal motto of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and is a reversal of the original phrase {{lang|la|Non terrae plus ultra}} ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to [[legend]], this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the [[Pillars of Hercules]], the rocks on both sides of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In the United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was ''[[E pluribus unum]]'' meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the [[Great Seal of the United States|Great Seal]], it also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from the British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States [[list of U.S. state and territory mottos|have Latin mottos]], such as: * [[Arizona]]'s {{lang|la|Ditat deus}} ("God enriches"); * [[Connecticut]]'s {{lang|la|Qui transtulit sustinet}} ("He who transplanted sustains"); * [[Kansas]]'s {{lang|la|[[Per aspera ad astra|Ad astra per aspera]]}} ("Through hardships, to the stars"); * [[Colorado]]'s {{lang|la|Nil sine numine}} ("Nothing without providence"); * [[Michigan]]'s {{lang|la|Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice}} ("If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you"), is based on that of Sir [[Christopher Wren]], in [[St. Paul's Cathedral]]; * [[Missouri]]'s {{lang|la|[[Salus populi suprema lex esto]]}} ("The health of the people should be the highest law"); * [[New York (state)]]'s {{lang|la|[[Coat of arms of New York|Excelsior]]}} ("Ever upward"); * [[North Carolina]]'s {{lang|la|[[Esse Quam Videri]]}} ("To be rather than to seem"); * [[South Carolina]]'s {{lang|la|[[Dum spiro spero]]}} ("While [still] breathing, I hope"); * [[Virginia]]'s {{lang|la|[[Sic semper tyrannis]]}} ("Thus always to [[tyrant]]s"); and * [[West Virginia]]'s {{lang|la|[[Montani Semper Liberi]]}} ("Mountaineers [are] always free"). Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: * {{lang|la|[[Semper Paratus]]}} ("always ready"), the motto of the [[United States Coast Guard]]; * {{lang|la|[[Semper Fidelis]]}} ("always faithful"), the motto of the [[United States Marine Corps]]; * [[Semper supra|''Semper Supra'']] ("always above"), the motto of the [[United States Space Force]]; * {{lang|la|[[Per ardua ad astra]]}} ("Through adversity/struggle to the stars"), the motto of the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF); and * {{Lang|la|Vigilamus pro te}} ("We stand on guard for thee"), the motto of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]]. A law governing body in the Philippines have a Latin motto, such as: * {{lang|la|Justitiae Pax Opus}} ("Justice, peace, work"), the motto of the [[Department of Justice (Philippines)]]; Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example [[Harvard University]]'s motto is {{lang|la|[[Veritas]]}} ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. ==== Other modern uses ==== Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name {{lang|la|[[Helvetia]]}} on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's [[Languages of Switzerland|four official languages]]. For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code ''CH'', which stands for {{lang|la|Confoederatio Helvetica}}, the country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as ''[[Sebastiane]]'', ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'' and ''[[Barbarians (2020 TV series)]]'', have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'' and ''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'' ("[[Jughead (Lost)|Jughead]]"). Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also [[list of songs with Latin lyrics|songs written with Latin lyrics]]. The libretto for the opera-oratorio {{lang|la|[[Oedipus rex (opera)|Oedipus rex]]}} by [[Igor Stravinsky]] is in Latin. The continued instruction of Latin is often seen as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British [[public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] and grammar schools, the Italian {{lang|it|[[liceo classico]]}} and {{lang|it|[[liceo scientifico]]}}, the German {{lang|de|Humanistisches [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]]}} and the Dutch {{lang|nl|[[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]}}. [[File:QDP Ep 84 - De Ludo "Mysterium".webm|thumb|QDP Ep 84 – De Ludo "Mysterium": A Latin-language podcast from the US]] Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include [[Radio Bremen]] in Germany, [[YLE]] radio in Finland (the [[Nuntii Latini]] broadcast from 1989 until it was shut down in June 2019),<ref name=RTE2019-06-24a>{{cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2019/0624/1057298-latin/|title=Finnish broadcaster ends Latin news bulletins|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625001655/https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2019/0624/1057298-latin/|archive-date=25 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |title=Latein: Nuntii Latini mensis lunii 2010: Lateinischer Monats rückblick |publisher=Radio Bremen |language=la |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130408/https://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |archive-date=18 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6079852.stm|title=Finland makes Latin the King|last=Dymond|first=Jonny|date=24 October 2006|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103171037/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6079852.stm|archive-date=3 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/ |title=Nuntii Latini |publisher=YLE Radio 1 |language=la |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718065851/https://www.yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/ |archive-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2015|title=About us (English)|url=https://www.circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk/in-english/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Circulus Latínus Londiniénsis|language=la|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114430/https://www.circuluslatinuslondiniensis.co.uk/in-english/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include the University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Latin at Jesus College – Oxford Latinitas Project|url=https://oxfordlatinitas.org/2020/12/01/active-latin-at-jesus-college/|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Graduate Certificate in Latin Studies – Institute for Latin Studies {{!}} Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures & Cultures|url=https://mcl.as.uky.edu/latin-institute|access-date=2021-06-29|website=mcl.as.uky.edu}}</ref> There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The [[Latin Wikipedia]] has more than 130,000 articles. [[Urdaneta, Pangasinan|Urdaneta City]]'s motto {{lang|la|Deo servire populo sufficere}} ("It is enough for the people to serve God") the Latin motto can be read in the old seal of this Philippine city. Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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