Juba

==History==
Under the [[Khedivate of Egypt]], Juba served as the southernmost garrison of the [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] army, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to the [[malaria]], [[meningitis]] and [[blackwater fever]] that was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaigners [[Samuel Baker]] and [[Florence Baker]] used the nearby island of [[Gondokoro]] as a base during their expeditions to what is now [[South Sudan]] and northern [[Uganda]] from 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873.<ref name="ReferenceA">Shipman, Pat. ''To The Heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the Exploration of Central Africa''</ref>

The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small [[Bari people|Bari]] village, <!--of 36 families (of the Bekat clan)--> also called Juba,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Richardson|first=J.N.|date=1933|title=Bari Notes|journal=Sudan Notes & Records|volume=16|issue=2|pages=181–186}}</ref> where the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920–21.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keen |first=Rosemary |title=Church Missionary Society Archive, General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |website=ampltd.co.uk |publisher=Adam Matthew Publications, Pelham House |date=n.d. |access-date=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Nalder |first=Leonard F. |title=Equatorial province handbook |publisher=Anglo-Egyptian Sudan government memoranda |date=1936 |oclc=3450641}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Day of devastation, day of contentment: the history of the Sudanese church across 2000 years Volume 10 of Faith in Sudan|last=Werner|first=Roland|date=2000|publisher=Paulines Publications Africa|isbn=9966215298|display-authors=etal}}</ref> In the late 1920s, [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian officials]] ordered Bari residents to relocate so that a new town could be constructed to serve as the capital of [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla Province]].<ref name="Badiey 2014 38">{{cite book |last=Badiey |first=Naseem |title=The State of Post-conflict Reconstruction: Land, Urban Development and State Building in Juba, Southern Sudan |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |date=2014 |page=38}}</ref> The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials partly because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there, and partly because its proximity to river transportation on the [[Nile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuichiro |first=Nakao |title=A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954 |journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies |volume=31 |pages=139–160 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Brendan |title=To the Juba Wharf |url=https://jubainthemaking.com/to-the-juba-wharf/ |website=Juba in the Making |date=2021 |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Major construction of the new city of Juba was underway by 1927.<ref name="Badiey 2014 38" /> Traders from [[Rejaf]] relocated to the new city in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla was moved there in 1930.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Nakao |last=Shuichiro |title=A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954 |journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies |volume=31 |pages=139–160 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Juba in the Making |url=https://jubainthemaking.com/ |website=jubainthemaking.com |publisher=L'Humanité, Le Monde Afrique, & Internazionale}}</ref>

Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shuichiro|first=Nakao|date=2013|title=A History from Below: Malakia in Juba, South Sudan, c. 1927-1954|journal=The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies|volume=31|pages=139–160}}</ref> Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area that the contemporary British soldiers called the Greek Quarter, which is today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s.<ref>Greek Community of Juba Archives</ref>

From the establishment of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] in 1899 the British administerd southern Sudan separately from the north. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration began instead to implement a policy of uniting the north and the south. To facilitate the new policy, the [[Juba Conference]] was convened as a gesture to southerners,<ref>{{cite web |title=Juba conf |url=http://madingaweil.com/conference.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311041121/http://madingaweil.com/conference.htm |archive-date=11 March 2007 |access-date=11 March 2007 |website=madingaweil.com}}</ref> the hidden aim being the appeasement of northern Sudanese nationalists and the Egyptian government.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Okeny |first=Kenneth |year=1991 |title=The 1947 Juba Conference |url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=39–58 |jstor=43660336}}</ref>

Until 1956, Juba was in [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and the [[Kingdom of Egypt]]. In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in [[Torit]] sparked the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], which did not end until 1972. During the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] after the signing of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (before the agreement, [[Rumbek]] had been the proposed interim capital). With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, shifting its management of operations in [[South Sudan|Southern Sudan]] from its previous location in [[Kenya]]. Under the leadership of the United Nations [[OCHA|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]], the United Nations established a camp known as "OCHA Camp", which served as a base for many United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the [[Sudan|Republic of the Sudan]]. However, influential parties including the South Sudanese government expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government proposed that a new [[planned city]] be built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likely [[Ramciel]] in [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]].<ref name="rnw">{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan|title=New capital city for South Sudan?|date=6 February 2011|access-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629133501/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan|archive-date=29 June 2012|agency=Radio Netherlands}}</ref>

On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250&nbsp;km away from Juba to [[Ramciel]], which is located in the middle of South Sudan, about 60&nbsp;km East of [[Yirol West County]], [[Lakes (state)|Lakes State]]. As of June 2020, the move has yet to occur.

In September 2015, [[List of tanker explosions|nearly 200 people were killed in a tanker explosion in Juba]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Rubin|first=Jonathan M.|title=Liquefied Natural Gas Tanker Truck Explosion|date=2006|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50160-6|work=Disaster Medicine|pages=784–785|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50160-6|isbn=9780323032537|access-date=2021-11-09}}</ref>

Since the beginning of the [[War in Sudan (2023–present)|2023 Sudan Conflict]], approximately 6,000 refugees have arrived in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miettaux |first=Florence |date=2023-09-08 |title=From garrison town to goldrush city: life in Africa's youngest capital |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/08/city-of-hope-and-fear-life-in-africas-youngest-capital |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Many settled in Gorom, an area near the city, and have struggled from lack of humanitarian aid.