Interpersonal relationship

== Types ==
=== Intimate relationships ===
{{Main|Intimate relationship}}

==== Romantic relationships ====
Romantic relationships have been defined in countless ways, by writers, philosophers, religions, scientists, and in the modern day, relationship counselors. Two popular definitions of love are Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love and Fisher's theory of love.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Acker|first1=Michele|last2=Davis|first2=Mark H. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Intimacy, Passion and Commitment in Adult Romantic Relationships: A Test of the Triangular Theory of Love |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships|volume=9|issue=1|pages=21–50|doi=10.1177/0265407592091002 |year=1992|s2cid=143485002}}</ref><ref name="Gibson_2015">{{cite journal |last1=Gibson |first1=Lacey S. |title=The Science of Romantic Love: Distinct Evolutionary, Neural, and Hormonal Characteristics |journal=International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities |date=20 January 2015 |volume=7 |issue= |page=1 |doi=10.7710/2168-0620.1036 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sternberg|first=Robert J. | name-list-style = vanc |title=A triangular theory of love. |journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|issue=2|pages=119–135|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.93.2.119|year=1986 }}</ref> Sternberg defines love in terms of intimacy, passion, and commitment, which he claims exist in varying levels in different romantic relationships. Fisher defines love as composed of three stages: attraction, romantic love, and attachment. Romantic relationships may exist between two people of any gender, or among a group of people, as in [[polyamory]].
<section begin="relationship types" />
On the basis of openness, all romantic relationships are of 2 types: open and closed. Closed relationships are strictly against romantic or sexual activity of partners with anyone else outside the relationships. In an [[open relationship]], all partners remain committed to each other, but allow themselves and their partner to have relationships with others.

On the basis of number of partners, they are of 2 types: [[monoamorous]] and polyamorous. A monoamorous relationship is between only two individuals. A polyamorous relationship is among three or more individuals.
<section end="relationship types" />

==== Romance ====
{{Main|Romance (love)}}
While many individuals recognize the single defining quality of a romantic relationship as the presence of love, it is impossible for romantic relationships to survive without the component of interpersonal communication. Within romantic relationships, love is therefore equally difficult to define. Hazan and Shaver<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hazan |first1=Cindy |last2=Shaver |first2=Phillip |title=Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |date=1987 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=511–524 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511 |pmid=3572722 |s2cid=2280613 }}</ref> define love, using Ainsworth's attachment theory, as comprising proximity, emotional support, self-exploration, and separation distress when parted from the loved one. Other components commonly agreed to be necessary for love are physical attraction, similarity,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vangelisti |first1=Anita L. |chapter=Interpersonal Processes in Romantic Relationships |pages=597–631 |chapter-url=https://in.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/48309_CH_18.pdf |s2cid=15423545 |editor1-last=Knapp |editor1-first=Mark L. |editor2-last=Daly |editor2-first=John A. |title=The SAGE Handbook of Interpersonal Communication |date=2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4129-7474-5 }}</ref> reciprocity,<ref name="Gibson_2015" /> and self-disclosure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kito M | title = Self-disclosure in romantic relationships and friendships among American and Japanese college students | journal = The Journal of Social Psychology | volume = 145 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–40 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15816343 | doi = 10.3200/SOCP.145.2.127-140 | s2cid = 25117099 }}</ref>

==== Life stages ====
Early adolescent relationships are characterized by companionship, reciprocity, and sexual experiences. As emerging adults mature, they begin to develop attachment and caring qualities in their relationships, including love, bonding, security, and support for partners. Earlier relationships also tend to be shorter and exhibit greater involvement with social networks.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meier A, Allen G | title = Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health | journal = The Sociological Quarterly | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 308–335 | date = 2009 | pmid = 25332511 | pmc = 4201847 | doi = 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01142.x }}</ref> Later relationships are often marked by shrinking social networks, as the couple dedicates more time to each other than to associates.<ref name="Merkle_2004">{{Cite journal|last1=Merkle|first1=Erich R.|last2=Richardson|first2=Rhonda A. | name-list-style = vanc |date= 2004 |title=Digital Dating and Virtual Relating: Conceptualizing Computer Mediated Romantic Relationships| jstor = 585815 |journal=Family Relations|volume=49|issue=2|pages=187–192|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00187.x }}</ref> Later relationships also tend to exhibit higher levels of commitment.<ref name=":1" />

Most psychologists and relationship counselors predict a decline of intimacy and passion over time, replaced by a greater emphasis on companionate love (differing from adolescent companionate love in the caring, committed, and partner-focused qualities). However, couple studies have found no decline in intimacy nor in the importance of sex, intimacy, and passionate love to those in longer or later-life relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Montgomery|first1=Marilyn J.|last2=Sorell|first2=Gwendolyn T. | name-list-style = vanc |date=1997|title=Differences in Love Attitudes across Family Life Stages| jstor = 585607 | journal=Family Relations|volume=46|issue=1|pages=55–61|doi=10.2307/585607}}</ref> Older people tend to be more satisfied in their relationships, but face greater barriers to entering new relationships than do younger or middle-aged people.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sassler S | title = Partnering Across the Life Course: Sex, Relationships, and Mate Selection | journal = Journal of Marriage and the Family | volume = 72 | issue = 3 | pages = 557–575 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 22822268 | pmc = 3399251 | doi = 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00718.x }}</ref> Older women in particular face social, demographic, and personal barriers; men aged 65 and older are nearly twice as likely as women to be married, and widowers are nearly three times as likely to be dating 18 months following their partner's loss compared to widows.

==== Significant other ====
The term ''significant other'' gained popularity during the 1990s, reflecting the growing acceptance of 'non-heteronormative' relationships. It can be used to avoid making an assumption about the gender or relational status (e.g. married, cohabitating, civil union) of a person's intimate partner. Cohabiting relationships continue to rise, with many partners considering cohabitation to be nearly as serious as, or a substitute for, marriage.<ref name=":3" /> In particular, LGBTQ people often face unique challenges in establishing and maintaining intimate relationships. The strain of internalized discrimination, socially ingrained or [[homophobia]], [[transphobia]] and other forms of discrimination against LGBTQ+ people, and social pressure of presenting themselves in line with socially acceptable gender norms can affect their health, [[quality of life]], satisfaction, emotions etc. inside and outside their relationships.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohr|first1=Jonathan J.|last2=Daly|first2=Christopher A. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Sexual minority stress and changes in relationship quality in same-sex couples |journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships|volume=25|issue=6|pages=989–1007|doi=10.1177/0265407508100311|year=2008|s2cid=145225150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Tina|last2=Dobinson|first2=Cheryl|last3=Scheim|first3=Ayden|last4=Ross|first4=Lori | name-list-style = vanc |title=Unique Issues Bisexual People Face in Intimate Relationships: A Descriptive Exploration of Lived Experience |journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health|volume=17|pages=21–39|doi=10.1080/19359705.2012.723607|year=2013|s2cid=145715751}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iantaffi A, Bockting WO | title = Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy and transgender people's experiences of relationships | journal = Culture, Health & Sexuality | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 355–70 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21229422 | pmc = 3076785 | doi = 10.1080/13691058.2010.537770 }}</ref> LGBTQ youth also lack the social support and peer connections enjoyed by hetero-normative young people.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeHaan S, Kuper LE, Magee JC, Bigelow L, Mustanski BS | title = The interplay between online and offline explorations of identity, relationships, and sex: a mixed-methods study with LGBT youth | journal = Journal of Sex Research | volume = 50 | issue = 5 | pages = 421–34 | date = 2013 | pmid = 22489658 | doi = 10.1080/00224499.2012.661489 | s2cid = 19195192 }}</ref> Nonetheless, comparative studies of homosexual and heterosexual couples have found few differences in relationship intensity, quality, satisfaction, or commitment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roisman GI, Clausell E, Holland A, Fortuna K, Elieff C | title = Adult romantic relationships as contexts of human development: a multimethod comparison of same-sex couples with opposite-sex dating, engaged, and married dyads | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–101 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18194008 | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.91 }}</ref>

==== Marital relationship ====
Although nontraditional relationships continue to rise, [[marriage]] still makes up the majority of relationships except among emerging adults.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/number-of-u-s-adults-cohabiting-with-a-partner-continues-to-rise-especially-among-those-50-and-older/|title=Number of U.S. adults cohabiting with a partner continues to rise, especially among those 50 and older|date=2017-04-06|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2018-04-04|language=en-US}}</ref> It is also still considered by many to occupy a place of greater importance among family and social structures.

=== Family relationships ===

==== Parent{{En dash}}child ====
In ancient times, parent{{En dash}}child relationships were often marked by fear, either of rebellion or abandonment, resulting in the strict filial roles in, for example, ancient Rome and China.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of Ancient Greece: Its Colonies and Conquests, from the Earliest Accounts Till the Division of the Macedonian Empire in the East: ... of Literature, Philosophy, and the Fine Arts|last=Gillies|first=John | name-list-style = vanc |date=2010-01-12|publisher=Nabu Press|isbn=978-1-142-12050-4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holzman|first=Donald | name-list-style = vanc |date=1998|title=The Place of Filial Piety in Ancient China|jstor=605890|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=118|issue=2|pages=185–199|doi=10.2307/605890}}</ref> Freud conceived of the [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal complex]], the supposed obsession that young boys have towards their mothers and the accompanying fear and rivalry with their fathers, and the [[Electra complex]], in which the young girl feels that her mother has castrated her and therefore becomes obsessed with her father. Freud's ideas influenced thought on parent{{En dash}}child relationships for decades.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Borovecki-Jakovljev S, Matacić S | title = The Oedipus complex in the contemporary psychoanalysis | journal = Collegium Antropologicum | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 351–60 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 16117347 }}</ref>

Another early conception of parent–child relationships was that love only existed as a biological drive for survival and comfort on the child's part.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koepke |first1=Sabrina |last2=Denissen |first2=Jaap J.A. |title=Dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood – A conceptual integration |journal=Developmental Review |date=March 2012 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=67–88 |doi=10.1016/j.dr.2012.01.001 }}</ref> In 1958, however, [[Harry Harlow]]<nowiki>'s study " The Hot Wire Mother'' comparing rhesus'</nowiki> reactions to wire surrogate "mothers" and cloth "mothers" demonstrated that affection was wanted by any caregiver and not only the surrogate mothers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harlow |first1=Harry F. |title=The nature of love |journal=American Psychologist |date=December 1958 |volume=13 |issue=12 |pages=673–685 |doi=10.1037/h0047884 }}</ref>

The study laid the groundwork for [[Mary Ainsworth]]'s [[attachment theory]], showing how the infants used their cloth "mothers" as a secure base from which to explore.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blum|first=Deborah | name-list-style = vanc |date=2011-12-28|title=Love According to Harry Harlow | url = https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/love-according-to-harry-harlow|journal=APS Observer |volume=25|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suomi SJ, van der Horst FC, van der Veer R | title = Rigorous experiments on monkey love: an account of Harry F. Harlow's role in the history of attachment theory | journal = Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 354–69 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18688688 | doi = 10.1007/s12124-008-9072-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In a series of studies using the ''strange situation'', a scenario in which an infant is separated from then reunited with the parent, Ainsworth defined three styles of parent-child relationship.
* '''Securely attached''' infants miss the parent, greet them happily upon return, and show normal exploration and lack of fear when the parent is present.
* '''Insecure avoidant''' infants show little distress upon separation and ignore the caregiver when they return. They explore little when the parent is present. Infants also tend to be emotionally unavailable.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Francis |title=Affect regulation styles in avoidant and anxious attachment |journal=Individual Differences Research |volume=12 |issue=3 |date=2014 |pages=123–130 }}</ref>
* '''Insecure ambivalent''' infants are highly distressed by separation, but continue to be distressed upon the parent's return; these infants also explore little and display fear even when the parent is present.
* Some psychologists have suggested a fourth attachment style, '''disorganized''', so called because the infants' behavior appeared disorganized or disoriented.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention|date=1993-05-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-30630-8|editor-last=Greenberg|editor-first=Mark T.|edition=Revised|location=Chicago|editor-last2=Cicchetti|editor-first2=Dante|editor-last3=Cummings|editor-first3=E. Mark | name-list-style = vanc }}</ref>

Secure attachments are linked to better social and academic outcomes and greater moral internalization as research proposes the idea that parent-child relationships play a key role in the developing morality of young children. Secure attachments are also linked to less delinquency for children, and have been found to predict later relationship success.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim S, Boldt LJ, Kochanska G | title = From parent-child mutuality to security to socialization outcomes: developmental cascade toward positive adaptation in preadolescence | journal = Attachment & Human Development | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 472–91 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26258443 | pmc = 4840872 | doi = 10.1080/14616734.2015.1072832 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kochanska G, Kim S | title = A complex interplay among the parent-child relationship, effortful control, and internalized, rule-compatible conduct in young children: evidence from two studies | journal = Developmental Psychology | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–21 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 23527491 | pmc = 3750102 | doi = 10.1037/a0032330 }}</ref><ref name="Gibson_2015" />

For most of the late nineteenth through the twentieth century, the perception of adolescent-parent relationships was that of a time of upheaval. [[G. Stanley Hall]] popularized the "Sturm und drang", or storm and stress, model of adolescence.<ref>Karthaus, Ulrich: Sturm und Drang. Epoche-Werke-Wirkung. München: C.H.Beck Verlag, 2. aktualisierte Auflage. 2007, S. 107.</ref> Psychological research has painted a much tamer picture. Although adolescents are more risk-seeking and emerging adults have higher suicide rates, they are largely less volatile and have much better relationships with their parents than the storm and stress model would suggest<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Willem | last1 = Koops | first2 = Michael | last2 = Zuckerman | name-list-style = vanc | date=2003-01-01|title=Introduction: A historical developmental approach to adolescence |journal=The History of the Family|volume=8|issue=3|pages=345–354|doi=10.1016/S1081-602X(03)00041-1 | s2cid = 144062880 }}</ref> Early adolescence often marks a decline in parent-child relationship quality, which then re-stabilizes through adolescence, and relationships are sometimes better in late adolescence than prior to its onset.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marceau K, Ram N, Susman E | title = Development and Lability in the Parent-Child Relationship During Adolescence: Associations With Pubertal Timing and Tempo | journal = Journal of Research on Adolescence | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 474–489 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26321856 | pmc = 4550307 | doi = 10.1111/jora.12139 }}</ref> With the increasing average age at marriage and more youths attending college and living with parents past their teens, the concept of a new period called emerging adulthood gained popularity. This is considered a period of uncertainty and experimentation between adolescence and adulthood. During this stage, interpersonal relationships are considered to be more self-focused, and relationships with parents may still be influential.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arnett|first=Jeffrey Jensen | name-list-style = vanc |title=Presidential Address: The Emergence of Emerging Adulthood |journal=Emerging Adulthood|volume=2|issue=3|pages=155–162|doi=10.1177/2167696814541096|year=2014 |s2cid=143471902 }}</ref>

==== Siblings ====
Sibling relationships have a profound effect on social, psychological, emotional, and academic outcomes. Although proximity and contact usually decreases over time, sibling bonds continue to have effect throughout their lives. Sibling bonds are one of few enduring relationships humans may experience. Sibling relationships are affected by parent-child relationships, such that sibling relationships in childhood often reflect the positive or negative aspects of children's relationships with their parents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Portner|first1=Laura Collier|last2=Riggs|first2=Shelley A. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Sibling Relationships in Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Parent–Child Relationship |journal=Journal of Child and Family Studies|volume=25|issue=6|pages=1755–1764|doi=10.1007/s10826-015-0358-5|year=2016|s2cid=147667305}}</ref>

===Other examples of interpersonal relationship===
* Egalitarian and platonic [[friendship]]<ref>{{cite book | first = Francine M. | last = Deutsch | name-list-style = vanc | chapter = Egalitarian Relationships | editor-first1 = Harry T. | editor-last1 = Reis | editor-first2 = Susan | editor-last2 = Sprecher | title =  Encyclopedia of Human Relationships | doi = 10.4135/9781412958479.n156 | year = 2009 | isbn = 9781412958462 }}</ref>
* [[Enemy]]
* [[Frenemy]] — a person with whom an individual maintains a friendly interaction despite underlying conflict, possibly encompassing rivalry, mistrust, [[jealousy]] or competition<ref name="Shannon_2011">{{cite thesis |last= Shannon |first= Beard | name-list-style = vanc |date= 2011 |title= Frenemy: The Friend Who Bullies|type= Master of Applied Psychology |publisher= University of Waikato | hdl=10289/8490 }}</ref>
* [[Neighbourhood|Neighbor]]
* [[Familiar stranger]]
* [[Official]]
* [[Queerplatonic relationship]]

Business is generally held to be distinct from personal relations, a contrasting mode which other than excursions from the norm is based on non-personal interest and rational rather than emotional concerns.

*[[Business relations|Business relationships]]
**[[Partnership]]
**[[Employer]] and [[employee]]
**[[Contract|Contractor]]
**[[Customer]]
**[[Landlord and tenant]]
**[[Co-worker]]