Houston

==History==
{{Main|History of Houston}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Houston}}

Present-day Houston sits on land that was once occupied by the [[Karankawa people|Karankawa]] and the [[Atakapa]] indigenous peoples for at least 2,000 years before the first known settlers arrived.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LIPSCOMB|first=CAROL A.|date=June 15, 2010|title=Karankawa Indians|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmk05|access-date=July 29, 2020|website=tshaonline.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=COUSER|first=DOROTHY|date=June 9, 2010|title=ATAKAPA INDIANS|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bma48|access-date=July 29, 2020|website=tshaonline.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Layman|first=George J.|date=December 31, 2019|title=Karankawas were among the First Texas Indians Encountered by Europeans|url=https://www.historynet.com/karankawas-were-among-the-first-texas-indians-encountered-by-europeans.htm|access-date=July 29, 2020|website=HistoryNet|language=en-US}}</ref> These tribes are almost nonexistent today; this was most likely caused by foreign disease, and competition with various settler groups in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 31, 2013|title=Houston's Native American Heritage Runs Deep|url=https://houstonfamilymagazine.com/features/houstons-native-american-heritage-runs-deep/|access-date=July 29, 2020|website=Houston Family Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> However, the land then remained largely [[uninhabited]] from the late 1700s until settlement in the 1830s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2010|title=Austin, John|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau09|access-date=July 29, 2020|website=tshaonline.org|language=en}}</ref>

=== Early settlement to the 20th century ===
The Allen brothers—[[Augustus Chapman Allen|Augustus Chapman]] and [[John Kirby Allen|John Kirby]]—explored town sites on Buffalo Bayou and [[Galveston Bay]]. According to historian David McComb, "[T]he brothers, on August 26, 1836, bought from Elizabeth E. Parrott, wife of T.F.L. Parrott and widow of John Austin, the south half of the lower league [{{convert|2214|acre|ha|adj=on}} tract] granted to her by her late husband. They paid $5,000 total, but only $1,000 of this in cash; notes made up the remainder."<ref>{{cite book |title=Houston: A History |first=David G. |last=McComb |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |year=1981 |edition=2nd |page=11}}</ref>

The Allen brothers ran their first advertisement for Houston just four days later in the ''Telegraph and Texas Register'', naming the notional town in honor of Sam Houston, who would become [[President of the Republic of Texas|President]] later that year.<ref name="HouHTO" /> They successfully lobbied the [[Congress of the Republic of Texas|Republic of Texas Congress]] to designate Houston as the temporary capital, agreeing to provide the new government with a state capitol building.<ref name="tsha_AC">{{cite web |title=Allen, Augustus Chapman |first=Amelia W. |last=Williams |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |series=Handbook of Texas Online |access-date=April 12, 2018 |date=August 24, 2016 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fal17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412212254/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fal17 |archive-date=April 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> About a dozen persons resided in the town at the beginning of 1837, but that number grew to about 1,500 by the time the Texas Congress convened in Houston for the first time that May.<ref name="HouHTO" /> The Republic of Texas granted Houston incorporation on June 5, 1837, as [[James Sanders Holman|James S. Holman]] became its first mayor.<ref name="HouHTO" /> In the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County (now Harris County).<ref name="SHQa4">{{cite journal |last=Looscan |first=Adele B. |title=Harris County, 1822–1845 |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=19 |pages=37–64 |year=1914 |url=http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101064/m1/201/ |access-date=March 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327054226/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101064/m1/201/ |archive-date=March 27, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1839, the Republic of Texas relocated its capital to [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. The town suffered another setback that year when a yellow fever epidemic claimed about one life for every eight residents, yet it persisted as a commercial center, forming a symbiosis with its Gulf Coast port, Galveston. Landlocked farmers brought their produce to Houston, using Buffalo Bayou to gain access to Galveston and the Gulf of Mexico. Houston merchants profited from selling staples to farmers and shipping the farmers' produce to Galveston.<ref name=HouHTO/>

The great majority of enslaved people in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. [[New Orleans]] was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but slave dealers were in Houston. Thousands of [[Slavery in the United States|enslaved]] black people lived near the city before the [[American Civil War]]. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations,<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 21, 2016|title=Blood and Sugar|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/sugar-land-slave-convict-labor-history/|access-date=July 29, 2020|website=Texas Monthly|language=en}}</ref> while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas History|url=http://www.brookelandisd.net/page/open/3151/0/Chapter%2017%20Section%204%20Reading.pdf}}</ref>

In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce, in part to promote shipping and navigation at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houstontx.gov/savvy/archives/sum06/sum06_heritage.htm |first=John |last=Perry |title=Born on the Bayou: city's murky start|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218055155/http://www.houstontx.gov/savvy/archives/sum06/sum06_heritage.htm |archive-date=December 18, 2011 |work=City Savvy |edition=Online |date=Summer 2006 |publisher=City of Houston}}</ref>

[[File:Old map-Houston-1873.jpg|thumb|left|Houston, {{Circa|1873}}]]

By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and [[Railroad|railroad hub]] for the export of cotton.<ref name="SHQa4" /> Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]]. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for Confederate Major General [[John B. Magruder]], who used the city as an organization point for the [[Battle of Galveston]].<ref name="Sabine">{{cite book |last=Cotham |first=Edward T. |title=Sabine Pass: The Confederacy's Thermopylae |year=2004 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin |isbn=978-0-292-70594-4}}</ref> After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between Downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Houston Was the Railroad Center of Texas {{!}} RBH |url=https://resurgencebehavioralhealth.com/blog/by-1890-houston-was-the-railroad-center-of-texas/ |access-date=January 16, 2022 |work=Resurgence Behavioral Health |date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>

In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900|hurricane]], efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated.<ref>[http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/governors/rising/sayers-galv.html J.H.W. Stele to Sayers, September 11–12, 1900] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117083321/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/governors/rising/sayers-galv.html |date=November 17, 2010 }}. ''Texas State Library & Archives Commission'', Retrieved on August 31, 2007</ref> The following year, the discovery of [[petroleum|oil]] at the [[Spindletop]] [[oil field]] near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945 |last=Olien |first=Diana Davids |author2=Olien, Roger M. |year=2002 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin |isbn=978-0-292-76056-1}}</ref> In 1902, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910, the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, which was nearly one-third of Houston's residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.houstonhistory.com/decades/history5h.htm |title=Marvin Hurley, 1910–1920, Houston History |access-date=April 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419095802/http://www.houstonhistory.com/decades/history5h.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

President [[Woodrow Wilson]] opened the deep-water Port of Houston in 1914, seven years after digging began. By 1930, Houston had become Texas's most populous city and Harris County the most populous county.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Campbell |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |date=June 1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005195810/http://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |archive-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref> In 1940, the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] reported Houston's population as 77.5% White and 22.4% Black.<ref name="census1"/>

=== World War II to the late 20th century ===
When [[United States home front during World War II|World War II]] started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war.<ref name="shipchannel">{{cite web |title=Houston Ship Channel |work=TSHA Handbook of Texas |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rhh11 |access-date=May 5, 2015 |date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201105943/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rhh11 |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ellington Airport (Texas)|Ellington Field]], initially built during [[World War I]], was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carlson |first=Erik |title=Ellington Field: A Short History, 1917–1963 |work=National Aeronautics and Space Administration |date=February 1999 |url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/ellington/Ellington.pdf |access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102113204/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/ellington/Ellington.pdf |archive-date=November 2, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Brown Shipbuilding Company]] was founded in 1942 to build ships for the [[U.S. Navy]] during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both Black, and white people competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of [[Anti-discrimination law|nondiscrimination]] for defense contractors, and Black people gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from white people and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of Black people who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets |first=William J. |last=Collins |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=91 |number=1 |date=March 2001 |pages=272–286 |publisher=American Economic Association |jstor=2677909 |doi=10.1257/aer.91.1.272}}</ref>

In 1945, the M.D. Anderson Foundation formed the [[Texas Medical Center]]. After the war, Houston's economy reverted to being primarily port-driven. In 1948, the city annexed several unincorporated areas, more than doubling its size. Houston proper began to spread across the region.<ref name=HouHTO/><ref>{{cite web |last=Streetman |first=Ashley |title=Houston Timeline |work=Houston Institute for Culture |url=http://www.houstonculture.org/resources/houstontime.html |access-date=February 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208185328/http://www.houstonculture.org/resources/houstontime.html |archive-date=December 8, 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1950, the availability of air conditioning provided impetus for many companies to relocate to Houston, where wages were lower than those in [[Northern United States|the North]]; this resulted in an economic boom and produced a key shift in the city's economy toward the energy sector.<ref>[http://www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/725.shtml "How Air Conditioning Changed America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213053143/http://www.oldhouseweb.com/stories/Detailed/725.shtml |date=December 13, 2006 }}, ''The Old House Web'', Retrieved on April 4, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.hgs.org/en/articles/printview.asp?26 "A Short History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216122901/http://www.hgs.org/en/articles/printview.asp?26 |date=February 16, 2007 }}, ''Houston Geological Auxiliary'', Retrieved on April 4, 2007</ref>

The increased production of the expanded shipbuilding industry during World War II spurred Houston's growth,<ref>{{cite web |title=Shipbuilding |work=TSHA Handbook of Texas |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ets03 |access-date=February 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506030037/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ets03 |archive-date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> as did the establishment in 1961 of NASA's "Manned Spacecraft Center" (renamed the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]] in 1973). This was the stimulus for the development of the city's aerospace industry. The [[Astrodome]], nicknamed the "[[Eighth Wonder of the World]]",<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barks |first=Joseph V. |title=Powering the (New and Improved) "Eighth Wonder of the World" |journal=Electrical Apparatus |date=November 2001}}</ref> opened in 1965 as the world's first indoor domed sports stadium.

During the late 1970s, Houston had a population boom as people from the [[Rust Belt]] states moved to Texas in large numbers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://texasalmanac.com/topics/culture/polish/polish-texans |title=Polish-Texans |work=Texas Almanac 2004–2005 |access-date=July 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703162430/https://texasalmanac.com/topics/culture/polish/polish-texans |archive-date=July 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The new residents came for numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, created as a result of the [[1973 oil crisis|Arab oil embargo]]. With the increase in professional jobs, Houston has become a destination for many college-educated persons, most recently including African Americans in a [[New Great Migration|reverse Great Migration]] from northern areas.

In 1997, Houstonians elected [[Lee P. Brown]] as the city's first African American mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=937&category=politicalMakers |title=Lee P. Brown – Biography |work=TheHistoryMakers.com |access-date=January 22, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110215849/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=937&category=politicalMakers | archive-date=November 10, 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Early 21st century ===
[[File:TS Allison Texas flooding.jpg|thumb|Tropical Storm Allison's effects in Houston]]
Houston has continued to grow into the 21st century, with the population increasing 15.7% from 2000 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston, Texas Population History {{!}} 1900 - 2022 |url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/city/houston-texas |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.biggestuscities.com}}{{unreliable source?|date=October 2023}}</ref>

Oil & gas have continued to fuel Houston's economic growth, with major oil companies including [[Phillips 66]], [[ConocoPhillips]], [[Occidental Petroleum]], [[Halliburton]], and [[ExxonMobil]] having their headquarters in the Houston area. In 2001, [[Enron Corporation]], a Houston company with $100 billion in revenue, became engulfed in an [[Enron scandal|accounting scandal]] which bankrupted the company in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Texas State Historical Association |title=Enron Corporation |author=Frontain, Michael |series=Handbook of Texas Online |date=February 9, 2017 |access-date=April 28, 2018 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/doe08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052818/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/doe08 |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Health care has emerged as a major industry in Houston. The [[Texas Medical Center]] is now the largest medical complex in the world and employs over 120,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.tmc.edu/about-tmc/ |website=Texas Medical Center |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

Three new sports stadiums opened downtown in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2000, the [[Houston Astros]] opened their new baseball stadium, [[Minute Maid Park]], in downtown adjacent to the old [[Union Station (Houston)|Union Station]]. The [[Houston Texans]] were formed in 2002 as an [[NFL]] expansion team, replacing the [[Houston Oilers]], which had left the city in 1996. [[NRG Stadium]] opened the same year. In 2003, the [[Toyota Center]] opened as the home for the [[Houston Rockets]]. In 2005, the [[Houston Dynamo]] soccer team was formed. In [[2017 World Series|2017]], the Houston Astros won their first [[World Series]].
[[File:Harvey flooding (36527844190).jpg|thumb|Hurricane Harvey flooding]]
Flooding has been a recurring problem in the Houston area. In June 2001, [[Tropical Storm Allison]] dumped up to {{convert|40|in|mm}} of rain on parts of Houston, causing what was then the worst flooding in the city's history and billions of dollars in damage, and killed 20 people in Texas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Allison's Death Toll Hits 43 |last=Ward |first=Christina |url=http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/floods/010618houston.html |work=RedCross.org |date=June 18, 2001 |access-date=January 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061204040810/http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/floods/010618houston.html |archive-date=December 4, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans, who evacuated from [[Hurricane Katrina]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina's Human Legacy |work=Houston Chronicle |date=August 27, 2006 |url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2006_4178618 |access-date=August 29, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120085143/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2006_4178618 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> One month later, about 2.5&nbsp;million Houston-area residents evacuated when [[Hurricane Rita]] approached the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]], leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flakus |first=Greg |title=Recovery Beginning in Areas Affected by Hurricane Rita |work=Voice of America News |date=September 25, 2005 |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2005-09/2005-09-25-voa33.cfm |access-date=January 10, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110220637/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2005-09/2005-09-25-voa33.cfm |archive-date=January 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.house.gov/brady/2007_appropriations.shtml 8th Congressional District of Texas 2007 Appropriations Project Requests] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107112644/http://www.house.gov/brady/2007_appropriations.shtml |date=January 7, 2007 }}. Congressman Kevin Brady, 8th District of Texas. Retrieved on January 10, 2007.</ref> In May 2015, seven people died after 12 inches of rain fell in 10 hours during what is known as the Memorial Day Flood. Eight people died in April 2016 during a storm that dropped 17 inches of rain.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boburg |first=Shawn |title=Houston's 'Wild West' growth |date=September 25, 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/investigations/harvey-urban-planning/ |access-date=January 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084606/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/investigations/harvey-urban-planning/ |archive-date=March 27, 2018}}</ref> The worst came in late August 2017, when [[Hurricane Harvey]] stalled over southeastern Texas, much like Tropical Storm Allison did sixteen years earlier, causing severe flooding in the Houston area, with some areas receiving over {{convert|50|in|mm}} of rain.<ref name="gallons">{{cite news |title=Texas flood disaster: Harvey has unloaded 9 trillion gallons of water |date=August 27, 2017 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/27/texas-flood-disaster-harvey-has-unloaded-9-trillion-tons-of-water/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827190700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/08/27/texas-flood-disaster-harvey-has-unloaded-9-trillion-tons-of-water/ |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rainfall exceeded 50 inches in several areas locally, breaking the national record for rainfall. The damage for the Houston area was estimated at up to $125 billion [[U.S. dollars]],<ref>{{cite news |work=Texas Tribune |title=Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages |author=Mooney, Chris |date=January 8, 2018 |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/01/08/hurricane-harvey-was-years-costliest-us-disaster-125-billion-damages/ |access-date=January 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109213821/https://www.texastribune.org/2018/01/08/hurricane-harvey-was-years-costliest-us-disaster-125-billion-damages/ |archive-date=January 9, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was considered to be one of the worst [[List of natural disasters in the United States|natural disasters in the history of the United States]],<ref name="Hurricane Harvey">"{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/30/news/economy/harvey-cost-most-expensive-disasters/index.html |title=Harvey certain to be one of the most expensive natural disasters ever |df=mdy-all |date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830184752/http://money.cnn.com/2017/08/30/news/economy/harvey-cost-most-expensive-disasters/index.html |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{small|(31.8&nbsp;KB)}}", ''CNN News''. Retrieved on August 25, 2017.</ref> with the death toll exceeding 70 people. Houston's lack of zoning laws allowed unregulated building of residential homes and other structures in flood-prone areas.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Aaron |last1=Davis |first2=Jack |last2=Gillum |first3=Andrew |last3=Tran |title=How Houston's 'Wild West' growth may have contributed to devastating flooding |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/investigations/harvey-urban-planning/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=September 10, 2018 |language=en |quote=Growth that is virtually unchecked, including in flood-prone areas, has diminished the land's already-limited natural ability to absorb water, according to environmentalists and experts in land use and natural disasters.&nbsp;... Since 2010, at least 7,000 residential buildings have been constructed in Harris County on properties that sit mostly on land the federal government has designated as a 100-year flood plain, according to a ''Washington Post'' review of areas at the greatest risk of flooding. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327084606/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/investigations/harvey-urban-planning/ |archive-date=March 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it also resulted in more concentrated development in already urban areas than in wetlands and suburbs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Nolan |title=Houston's Zoning Wasn't the Problem |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-04/how-houston-s-zoning-can-help-hurricane-harvey-recovery |access-date=16 March 2024 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=4 September 2017}}</ref> Mayor Sylvester Turner tweeted of Hurricane Harvey that "zoning wouldn't have changed anything. We would have been a city with zoning that flooded."<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=SylvesterTurner |number=902950965229301767 |title=city with zoning that flooded}}</ref>