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Least known?|date=November 27, 2017|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-1127hillaryclintonnov27-story.html|access-date=July 19, 2019|quote=What You May Not Know About ... Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton}}</ref> was born on October 26, 1947, at Edgewater Hospital in [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref name="Whitehouse.gov"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/ehs/articles/v14-3-4|title=Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001|author=O'Laughlin, Dania|date=Summer 2003|publisher=Edgewater Historical Society|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> She was raised in a [[Methodist]] family who first lived in Chicago. When she was three years old, her family moved to the Chicago suburb of [[Park Ridge, Illinois|Park Ridge]].{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=18, 34}} Her father, [[Hugh Rodham (born 1911)|Hugh Rodham]], was of [[English people|English]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] descent,<ref name="nehgs">{{cite web |author=Roberts, Gary Boyd |url=http://www.americanancestors.org/ancestry-of-senator-hillary-rodham-clinton/ |title=Notes on the Ancestry of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton |publisher=[[New England Historic Genealogical Society]] |access-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203151445/http://www.americanancestors.org/ancestry-of-senator-hillary-rodham-clinton/ |archive-date=December 3, 2010}}</ref> and managed a small but successful textile business, which he had founded.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=17–18}} Her mother, [[Dorothy Howell Rodham|Dorothy Howell]], was a homemaker of [[Dutch people|Dutch]], English, [[French Canadian]] (from [[Quebec]]), [[Scottish people|Scottish]], and Welsh descent.<ref name="nehgs"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Smolenyak, Megan |author-link=Megan Smolenyak |url=http://irishamerica.com/2015/03/hillary-clintons-celtic-roots/ |title=Hillary Clinton's Celtic Roots |work=Irish America |date=April–May 2015}}</ref><ref name="brock-4"/> She had two younger brothers, [[Hugh Rodham (born 1950)|Hugh]] and [[Tony Rodham|Tony]].{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=14}} As a child, Rodham was a favorite student among her teachers at the [[Park Ridge-Niles School District 64|public schools she attended]] in Park Ridge.{{sfnm |1a1=Bernstein |1y=2007 |1p=29 |2a1=Morris |2y=1996 |2p=113}} She participated in swimming and softball and earned numerous badges as a [[Brownie (Girl Guides)|Brownie]] and a [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scout]].{{sfnm |1a1=Bernstein |1y=2007 |1p=29 |2a1=Morris |2y=1996 |2p=113}} She was inspired by U.S. efforts during the [[Space Race]] and sent a letter to [[NASA]] around 1961 asking what she could do to become an astronaut, only to be informed that women were not being accepted into the program.<ref>{{cite news |author=Lee, Michelle Ye Hee |date=November 30, 2015 |title=Hillary Clinton's often-told story that NASA rejected her childhood dream of becoming an astronaut |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/11/30/hillary-clintons-often-told-story-that-nasa-rejected-her-childhood-dream-of-becoming-a-female-astronaut/}}</ref> She attended [[Maine South High School]],<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kenny |first1=Caroline |last2=Cen |first2=Jasmine |date=2016-07-06 |title=Hillary Clinton's high school legacy lives on at Maine South |url=https://dc.medill.northwestern.edu/blog/2016/07/06/hillary-clintons-high-school-legacy-lives-on-at-maine-south/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Medill News Service |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-27 |title=Hillary Clinton wins Maine South High School mock election |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/park-ridge/ct-prh-maine-south-election-tl-1103-20161027-story.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> where she participated in the [[student council]] and school newspaper and was selected for the [[National Honor Society]].<ref name="Whitehouse.gov">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/first-ladies/hillaryclinton|title=Hillary Rodham Clinton|website=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov|date=December 31, 2014|publisher=The [[White House]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=30–31}} She was elected class vice president for her junior year but then lost the election for class president for her senior year against two boys, one of whom told her that "you are really stupid if you think a girl can be elected president".{{sfnm |1a1=Bernstein |1y=2007 |1p=30 |2a1=Gerth |2a2=Van Natta |2y=2007 |2pp=21–22}} For her senior year, she and other students were transferred to the then-new [[Maine South High School]]. There she was a [[National Merit Finalist]] and was voted "most likely to succeed." She graduated in 1965 in the top five percent of her class.{{sfnm |1a1=Bernstein |1y=2007 |1pp=30–31 |2a1=Maraniss |2y=1995 |2p=255}} Rodham's mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career.<ref name="brock-4"/> Her father, who was otherwise a traditionalist, felt that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=13}} She was raised in a politically [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] household,<ref name="brock-4">Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See also Bernstein 2007, p. 16.</ref> and she helped [[Canvassing|canvass]] [[Chicago's South Side]] at age 13 after the very close [[1960 United States presidential election|1960 U.S. presidential election]]. She stated that, investigating with a fellow teenage friend shortly after the election, she saw evidence of [[electoral fraud]] (a voting list entry showing a dozen addresses that was an empty lot) against Republican candidate [[Richard Nixon]];{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=19}} she later volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate [[Barry Goldwater]] in the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 election]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Middendorf, J. William |title=Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-465-04573-0 |author-link=J. William Middendorf |url=https://archive.org/details/gloriousdisaster00midd }} p. 266.</ref> Rodham's early political development was shaped mostly by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent [[anti-communist]]), who introduced her to Goldwater's ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'' and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of [[social justice]]), with whom she saw and afterwards briefly met [[civil rights movement|civil rights]] leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] at a 1962 speech in Chicago's [[Orchestra Hall (Chicago)|Orchestra Hall]].<ref>Troy 2006, p. 15; Gerth and Van Natta 2007, pp. 18–21; Bernstein 2007, pp. 34–36. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that as "an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years". (Clinton 2003, p. 23) Several dates have been published for the King speech she witnessed, but April 15, 1962, is the most likely, see {{cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=Michael |title=Hillary and Martin Luther King Jr. |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/12/hillary_and_martin_luther_king.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 31, 2007}}</ref> ===Wellesley College years=== [[File:1968 Wellesley College Government Presidential Candidates at Panel.jpg|thumb|alt=Rhodham sitting on a panel, flanked by two other candidates|Rodham campaigning for [[Wellesley College]] government president in 1968, an election which she later won]] In 1965, Rodham enrolled at [[Wellesley College]], where she majored in [[political science]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/03/04/a_students_words_a_candidates_struggle/|title=A student's words, a candidate's struggle|last=Levenson|first=Michael|date=March 4, 2007|work=[[Boston Globe]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wellesley.edu/events/commencement/archives/1992commencement/commencementaddress|title=Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992|author=Clinton, Hillary Rodham|date=May 29, 1992|publisher=[[Wellesley College]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> During her first year, she was president of the Wellesley [[Young Republicans]].<ref name="living31">Clinton 2003, p. 31.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html |title=Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose |publisher=[[Wellesley College]] |date=May 16, 2007 |access-date=June 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903132835/http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html |archive-date=September 3, 2006}} Gives organization's prior name.</ref> As the leader of this "[[Rockefeller Republican]]"-oriented group,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Milton, Joyce |title=The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-688-15501-8}} pp. 27–28.</ref> she supported the elections of moderate Republicans [[John Lindsay]] to [[mayor of New York City]] and [[Massachusetts Attorney General|Massachusetts attorney general]] [[Edward Brooke]] to the United States Senate.<ref>Brock 1996, pp. 12–13.</ref> She later stepped down from this position. In 2003, Clinton would write that her views concerning the [[civil rights movement]] and the [[Vietnam War]] were changing in her early college years.<ref name="living31"/> In a letter to her youth minister at that time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal".<ref>Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.</ref> In contrast to the factions in the 1960s that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.<ref name="bg011293">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/1993/01/12/hillary-the-wellesley-years/OEapzWGuzSNAFiIHL2zm9K/story.html|title=Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69|author=Kenney, Charles|date=January 12, 1993|work=[[Boston Globe]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>Bernstein 2007, pp. 42–46; Troy 2006, pp. 18–19.</ref> By her [[Junior (education year)|junior]] year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar [[1968 United States presidential election|presidential nomination campaign]] of Democrat [[Eugene McCarthy]].<ref name="nyt090507"/> In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association, a position she held until early 1969.<ref name="bg011293"/><ref name="wcaddr"/> Following the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]], Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.<ref name="nyt090507">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html|title=In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice|author=Leibovich, Mark|date=September 7, 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> In her student government role, she played a role in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the [[campus protest|student disruptions]] common to other colleges.<ref name="bg011293"/>{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=53–54}} A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first female president of the United States.<ref name="bg011293"/> To help her better understand her changing political views, Professor [[Alan Schechter]] assigned Rodham to intern at the [[Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives|House Republican Conference]], and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican representative [[Charles Goodell]] to help Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]]'s late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham attended the [[1968 Republican National Convention]] in [[Miami Beach, Florida|Miami Beach]]. However, she was upset by the way Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and she left the Republican Party for good.<ref name="nyt090507"/> Rodham [[Hillary Rodham senior thesis#Thesis|wrote her senior thesis]], a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer [[Saul Alinsky]], under Professor Schechter.<ref name="msn030207"/> Years later, while she was the first lady, access to her thesis was [[Hillary Rodham senior thesis#White House and Wellesley limiting of access|restricted at the request of the White House]] and it became the subject of some speculation. The thesis was later released.<ref name="msn030207">{{cite news |title=Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17388372/ |author=Dedman, Bill |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=May 9, 2007 |author-link=Bill Dedman}}</ref> In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,<ref name="nyt-bio"/> with departmental honors in political science.<ref name="msn030207"/> After some fellow seniors requested that the college administration allow a student speaker at commencement, she became the first student in Wellesley College history to speak at the event. Her address followed that of the [[commencement speaker]], Senator [[Edward Brooke]].<ref name="wcaddr">{{cite web|url=https://www.wellesley.edu/events/commencement/archives/1969commencement/studentspeech|title=Hillary D. Rodham's 1969 Student Commencement Speech|author=Rodham, Hillary|date=May 31, 1969|publisher=[[Wellesley College]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=34–36}} After her speech, she received a standing ovation that lasted seven minutes.<ref name="bg011293"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate |work=[[Fitchburg Sentinel]] |date=June 2, 1969}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Brooke Speech Draws Reply |work=[[Nevada State Journal]] |date=June 2, 1969}}</ref> She was featured in an article published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Class of '69 |magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]] |date=June 20, 1969 |pages=28–33 |url=http://life.time.com/history/hillary-clinton-in-1969-photos-of-a-recent-college-grad/attachment/15_hillary2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225145440/http://life.time.com/history/hillary-clinton-in-1969-photos-of-a-recent-college-grad/attachment/15_hillary2/ |archive-date=December 25, 2014}} The article features Rodham and two student commencement speakers from other schools, with photos and excerpts from their speeches.</ref><ref name="time69">{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/3502935/life-with-hillary-portraits-of-a-wellesley-grad-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115203420/http://time.com/3502935/life-with-hillary-portraits-of-a-wellesley-grad-1969/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 15, 2014 |title=Hillary Clinton: Photos of the Future First Lady as a Wellesley Grad |last=Cosgrove |first=Ben |date=February 15, 2014 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> because of the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Brooke.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=34–36}} She also appeared on [[Irv Kupcinet]]'s nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=70}} She was asked to speak at the 50th anniversary convention of the [[League of Women Voters]] in Washington, D.C., the next year.<ref>Clinton, ''What Happened'', p. 198.</ref> That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in [[Mount McKinley National Park]] and [[fish processing|sliming]] salmon in a fish processing cannery in [[Valdez, Alaska|Valdez]] (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).<ref>Morris 1996, p. 139; Bernstein 2007, p. 105. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'', that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington. Clinton 2003, pp. 42–43.</ref> ===Yale Law School and postgraduate studies=== Rodham then entered [[Yale Law School]], where she was on the editorial board of the ''[[Yale Review of Law and Social Action]]''.<ref name="arkhc">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/hillary-diane-rodham-clinton-2744/|title=Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–)|date=May 16, 2019|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture]]|publisher=[[Central Arkansas Library System]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> During her second year, she worked at the [[Yale Child Study Center]],{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=42–43}} learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child'' (1973).{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=75}}<ref>The authors of ''Beyond the Best Interests of the Child'' were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and [[Anna Freud]].</ref> She also took on cases of child abuse at [[Yale–New Haven Hospital]],{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=75}} and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=42–43}} In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at [[Marian Wright Edelman]]'s Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator [[Walter Mondale]]'s [[Subcommittee on Migratory Labor]]. There she researched various [[migrant worker]]s' issues including education, health and housing.<ref>Morris 1996, pp. 142–43.</ref> Edelman later became a significant mentor.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=71–74}} Rodham was recruited by political advisor [[Anne Wexler]] to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate [[Joseph Duffey]]. Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/08/AR2009080800058.html|title=Anne Wexler, Political Adviser and Lobbyist, Dies at 79|author=Weil, Martin|date=August 8, 2009|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> In the spring of 1971, she began dating fellow law student [[Bill Clinton]]. During the summer, she interned at the [[Oakland, California]], law firm of [[Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein]]. The firm was well known for its support of [[constitutional right]]s, [[civil liberties]] and [[Far-left politics|radical causes]] (two of its four partners were current or former [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party members]]);{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|pp=82–83}} Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.{{efn|Research by ''[[The New York Sun]]'' in 2007 found it unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm.<ref name="nys-rad"/> Anti-Clinton writers such as [[Barbara Olson]] would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist [[Jessica Mitford]].<ref>Olson 1999, pp. 56–57.</ref> Further ''Sun'' research revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling-out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-left-hook/67002/ |title=Hillary Clinton's Left Hook |author=Gerstein, Josh |work=[[The New York Sun]] |date=November 27, 2007}}</ref>}} Clinton canceled his original summer plans and moved to live with her in California;<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/national/clintons-berkeley-summer-of-love/66982/ |title=The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love |author=Gerstein, Josh |work=[[The New York Sun]] |date=November 26, 2007}}</ref> the couple continued [[cohabitating|living together]] in New Haven when they returned to law school.<ref name="nys-rad">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/ |title=Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer |author=Gerstein, Josh |work=[[The New York Sun]] |date=November 26, 2007}}</ref> The following summer, [[1972 United States presidential election in Texas#McGovern campaign|Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas]] for unsuccessful [[George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign|1972 Democratic presidential candidate]] [[George McGovern]].{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=48–49}} She received a [[Juris Doctor]] degree from Yale in 1973,<ref name="nyt-bio">{{Cite news |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=April 13, 2008 |first=Helene |last=Cooper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428044353/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html |archive-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=89}} He first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined, uncertain if she wanted to tie her future to his.{{sfn|Bernstein|2007|p=89}} Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.<ref name="nfll">{{cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43 |publisher=[[National First Ladies' Library]] |access-date=August 22, 2006 |archive-date=April 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414204023/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In late 1973, her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the ''[[Harvard Educational Review]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodham |first=Hillary |year=1973 |title=Children Under the Law |journal=[[Harvard Educational Review]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=487–514 |doi=10.17763/haer.43.4.e14676283875773k }}</ref> Discussing the new [[children's rights movement]], the article stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"<ref>Troy 2006, p. 21.</ref> and argued that children should not be considered equally [[Competence (law)|incompetent]] from birth to attaining legal age, but instead that courts should presume competence on a case-by-case basis, except when there is evidence otherwise.<ref name="nyt082492">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/us/1992-campaign-issues-women-families-legal-scholars-see-distortion-attacks.html |title=Legal Scholars See Distortion in Attacks on Hillary Clinton |author=Lewin, Tamar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 24, 1992}}</ref> The article became frequently cited in the field.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/30351/0000753.pdf |title=What Hillary Rodham Clinton really said about children's rights and child policy |author=Lindsey, Duncan |author2=Sarri, Rosemary C. |journal=[[Children and Youth Services Review]] |volume=14 |number=6 |year=1992 |pages=473–83 |doi=10.1016/0190-7409(92)90001-C |hdl=2027.42/30351 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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