Florence Nightingale

== Early life ==
[[File:Embley Park.jpg|thumb|[[Embley Park]] in Hampshire, now a school, one of the family homes of [[William Nightingale]]]]
Florence Nightingale was born on 12&nbsp;May 1820 into a wealthy and well-connected British family at the ''Villa Colombaia'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/house.htm |title=The true Florence: Exploring the Italian birthplace of Florence Nightingale |date=1 December 2007 |first=Joy |last=Shiller |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610031533/http://www.countryjoe.com/nightingale/house.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://jmvh.org/article/florence-nightingale/ "Florence Nightingale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303135917/https://jmvh.org/article/florence-nightingale/ |date=3 March 2020 }}. JMVH.org. Retrieved 17 June 2020</ref> in [[Florence]], Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister [[Frances Parthenope Verney|Frances Parthenope]] had similarly been named after her place of birth, ''[[History of Naples|Parthenope]]'', a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] settlement now part of the city of [[Naples]]. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at [[Embley, Hampshire]], and [[Dethick, Lea and Holloway|Lea Hurst, Derbyshire]].<ref name="NightingaleonMysticism">{{cite book |author=Nightingale, Florence |editor=Vallee, Gerard |title=Florence Nightingale on Mysticism and Eastern Religions |chapter=Introduction, ''passim'' |series=Collected Works of Florence Nightingale |volume=4 |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-88920-413-3 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]}}</ref><ref name="NightingaleCrimeanColectedWorkds">{{cite book |author=Nightingale, Florence |editor=McDonald, Lynn |title=Florence Nightingale: The Crimean War |chapter=An introduction to volume&nbsp;14 |series=Collected Works of Florence Nightingale |volume=14 |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-88920-469-0 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]}}</ref>

Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family.<ref name="BBC 2017"/> Her parents were [[William Nightingale|William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore]] (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale ({{nee}} Smith; 1788–1880). William's mother Mary ({{nee}} Evans) was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst, and assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionist]] and [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] [[William Smith (abolitionist)|William Smith]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/genealogy/shore.htm |title=Pedigree of Shore of Sheffield, Meersbrook, Norton and Tapton |publisher=Rotherham Web |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202758/http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/genealogy/shore.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Nightingale's father educated her.<ref name="NightingaleCrimeanColectedWorkds"/>

A [[BBC]] documentary reported that "Florence and her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced ideas about women's education. They studied history, mathematics, Italian, classical literature, and philosophy, and from an early age Florence, who was the more academic of the two girls, displayed an extraordinary ability for collecting and analysing data which she would use to great effect in later life."<ref name="BBC 2017"/>
[[File:Florence Nightingale - Project Gutenberg 13103.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Young Florence Nightingale]]
In 1838, her father took the family on a tour in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Parisian hostess [[Mary Elizabeth Mohl|Mary Clarke]], with whom Florence bonded. She recorded that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who did not care for her appearance, and while her ideas did not always agree with those of her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." Her behaviour was said to be exasperating and eccentric and she had little respect for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as inconsequential. She said that if given the choice between being a woman or a galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company and spent her time with male intellectuals. Clarke made an exception, however, in the case of the Nightingale family and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to remain close friends for 40&nbsp;years despite their 27-year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equal to men, an idea that Florence had not learnt from her mother.<ref name=cromwell>{{cite book |last1=Cromwell |first1=Judith Lissauer |title=Florence Nightingale, feminist |year=2013 |publisher=McFarland et Company |location=Jefferson, NC [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7864-7092-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/florencenighting0000crom/page/28 28] |url=https://archive.org/details/florencenighting0000crom/page/28 }}</ref>

Nightingale underwent the first of several experiences that she believed were calls from God in February&nbsp;1837 while at [[Embley Park]], prompting a strong desire to devote her life to the service of others. In her youth she was respectful of her family's opposition to her working as a nurse, only announcing her decision to enter the field in 1844. Despite the anger and distress of her mother and sister, she rejected the expected role for a woman of her status to become a wife and mother. Nightingale worked hard to educate herself in the art and science of nursing, in the face of opposition from her family and the restrictive social code for affluent young English women.<ref name="Small's bio">{{cite book |last1=Small |first1=Hugh |title=Florence Nightingale and Her Real Legacy |year=2017 |publisher=Robinson |location=London |pages=1–19}}</ref>
[[File:Florence Nightingale by Augustus Egg.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting of Nightingale by [[Augustus Egg]], {{circa}}&nbsp;1840s]]
As a young woman, Nightingale was described as attractive, slender, and graceful. While her demeanour was often severe, she was said to be very charming and to possess a radiant smile. Her most persistent suitor was the politician and poet [[Richard Monckton Milnes]], but after a nine-year courtship, she rejected him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability to follow her calling to nursing.<ref name="Small's bio"/>

In Rome in 1847, she met [[Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea|Sidney Herbert]], a politician who had been [[Secretary at War]] (1845–1846) who was on his honeymoon. He and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of War again during the [[Crimean War]] when he and his wife would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political career, though she was accused by some of having hastened Herbert's death from [[Bright's disease]] in 1861 because of the pressure her programme of reform placed on him. Nightingale also much later had strong relations with academic [[Benjamin Jowett]], who may have wanted to marry her.<ref>Bostridge, Mark (2008). Florence Nightingale. pg. 8. London</ref>
[[File:Florence Nightingale by Kilburn c1854.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Nightingale {{circa}}&nbsp;1854]]
Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and [[Selina Bracebridge]]) as far as Greece and Egypt. While in Athens, Greece, Nightingale rescued a juvenile [[little owl]] from a group of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena. Nightingale often carried the owl in her pocket, until the pet died (shortly before Nightingale left for Crimea).<ref>{{cite web |title=Life and death of Florence Nightingale's beloved pet |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/nightingales-owl-in-the-wren/ |website=Trinity College, Cambridge |date=28 December 2016 |access-date=3 October 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522092829/https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/nightingales-owl-in-the-wren/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Her writings on Egypt, in particular, are testimony to her learning, literary skill, and philosophy of life. Sailing up the Nile as far as Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the [[Abu Simbel temples]], "Sublime in the highest style of intellectual beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering ... not a feature is correct — but the whole effect is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have imagined. It makes the impression upon one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to overcome the strongest man."<ref name="Chaney39-74">{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Chaney |chapter=Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution |title=Sites of Exchange European Crossroads and Faultlines |editor1=Ascari, M. |editor2=Corrado, A. |publisher=Rodopi |location=Amsterdam and New York |year=2006 |pages=39–74}}</ref>

At Thebes, she wrote of being "called to God", while a week later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as distinct from her far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after her return): "God called me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone without reputation."<ref name="Chaney39-74" /> Later in 1850, she visited the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] religious community at [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein]] in Germany, where she observed Pastor [[Theodor Fliedner]] and the [[deaconess]]es working for the sick and the deprived. She regarded the experience as a turning point in her life and issued her findings anonymously in 1851; ''The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for the Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc.'' was her first published work.<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> She also received four months of medical training at the institute, which formed the basis for her later care.

On 22&nbsp;August 1853, Nightingale took the post of superintendent at the [[Nightingale Hospital (Marylebone)|Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen]] in [[Upper Harley Street]], London, a position she held until October&nbsp;1854.<ref name=hsguide>{{cite web |url=http://www.harleystreetguide.co.uk/about/history/ |title=History of Harley Street |website=Harley Street Guide |access-date=9 November 2009 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032005/http://www.harleystreetguide.co.uk/about/history/ |url-status=live }} (commercial website)</ref> Her father had given her an annual income of £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in present terms), which allowed her to live comfortably and to pursue her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shining a light on 'The Lady with the Lamp' |url=https://magazine.unison.org.uk/2020/04/01/shining-a-light-on-the-lady-with-the-lamp/ |access-date=17 June 2020 |magazine=Unison magazine |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617092544/https://magazine.unison.org.uk/2020/04/01/shining-a-light-on-the-lady-with-the-lamp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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