Eucharist

==Terminology==
[[File:Última Cena - Juan de Juanes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The Eucharist has been a key theme in the depictions of the [[Last Supper in Christian art]],<ref>''Gospel Figures in Art'' by Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|978-0892367276}} p. 252</ref> as in this 16th-century [[Vicente Juan Masip|Juan de Juanes]] painting, after [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|Last Supper]]''.]]

===Eucharist===
The [[New Testament]] was originally written in the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] language and the Greek noun {{lang|grc|εὐχαριστία}} ({{transliteration|grc|eucharistia}}), meaning "thanksgiving", appears a few times in it,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/greek/2169.htm |title=Strong's Greek: 2169. εὐχαριστία (eucharistia) – thankfulness, giving of thanks |publisher=Biblehub.com |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> while the related Greek verb {{lang|grc|εὐχαριστήσας}} is found several times in New Testament accounts of the Last Supper,<ref>{{cite web |title=Strong's Greek: 2168. εὐχαριστέω (eucharisteó) – to be thankful |url=https://biblehub.com/greek/2168.htm |website=biblehub.com |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=LaV>{{citation|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=LaVerdiere+%22oldest+attestation%22|first=Eugene|last=LaVerdiere|title=The Eucharist in the New Testament and the Early Church|publisher=Liturgical Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0814661529|pages=1–2}}</ref><ref name=Schr>[[Thomas R. Schreiner]], Matthew R. Crawford, ''[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Schreiner+Crawford+%22called+the+Eucharist%22&btnG= The Lord's Supper]'' (B&H Publishing Group 2011 {{ISBN|978-0805447576}}), p. 156</ref><ref>John H. Armstrong, ''[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22eucharist+is+derived+from+the+words+of+institution%22&btnG= Understanding Four Views on the Lord's Supper]'' (Zondervan 2009 {{ISBN|978-0310542759}})</ref><ref>Robert Benedetto, James O. Duke, ''[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Benedetto+%22gospel+writers+used%22&btnG= The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History]'' (Westminster John Knox Press 2008 {{ISBN|978-0664224165}}), volume 2</ref> including the earliest such account:<ref name=LaV/>

{{blockquote|For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, and when he had given thanks ({{lang|grc|εὐχαριστήσας}}), he broke it, and said, "This is my body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me".|1 Corinthians 11:23–24<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians#11:23|1 Corinthians 11:23–24]]</ref>}}

The term {{transliteration|grc|eucharistia}} (thanksgiving) is that by which the rite is referred to<ref name=LaV/> in the ''[[Didache]]'' (a late 1st or early 2nd century document),<ref name="Kodell">''Eucharist in the New Testament'' by Jerome Kodell 1988 {{ISBN|0814656633}}</ref>{{rp|51}}<ref name=textDid>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1z2lDqiMfTMC&q=concerning+the+eucharist |title='Didache' 9:1 |pages=22–23 |access-date=2019-05-16|isbn=978-0814658314 |last1=Milavec |first1=Aaron |year=2003 |publisher=Liturgical Press }}</ref><ref name=Bromiley437 >''Theological Dictionary of the New Testament'' by Gerhard Kittel, Gerhard Friedrich and Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1985 {{ISBN|0802824048}}</ref>{{rp|437}}<ref>Stanley E. Porter, [http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Porter+%22observe+the+thanksgiving%22&btnG= Dictionary of Biblical Criticism and Interpretation] (Taylor & Francis 2007 {{ISBN|978-0415201001}})</ref>{{rp|207}} by [[Ignatius of Antioch]] (who died between 98 and 117)<ref name=Bromiley437 /><ref>Epistle to the Ephesians 13:1; Epistle to the Philadelphians 4; Epistle to the Smyrnaeans 7:1, 8:1</ref> and by [[Justin Martyr]] (''[[First Apology of Justin Martyr|First Apology]]'' written between 155 and 157).<ref name="Guy196">''Introducing Early Christianity'' by Laurie Guy {{ISBN|0830839429}} p. 196</ref><ref name=Bromiley437 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/richardson/fathers.x.ii.iii.html |title=''First Apology'', 66 |publisher=Ccel.org |date=2005-06-01 |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><!-- In its instructions on the Eucharist,<ref name=LaV/> the Didache also uses {{lang|grc|εὐχαριστίζω}} (to "eucharistize"),<ref name=textDid/><ref>''The Didache: faith, hope, & life of the earliest Christian communities'' by Aaron Milavec 2003 {{ISBN|0809105373}} p. 429</ref><ref>''The Christian Sacraments of initiation: baptism, confirmation, Eucharist'' by Kenan B. Osborne 1998 {{ISBN|0809128861}} p. 176</ref> a verbal form of {{lang|grc|εὐχαριστία}},<ref name=textDid/> and, again in relation to the rite,<ref name=LaV/> Justin Martyr uses another verbal form: {{lang|grc|εὐχαριστῶ}} ("to thank"),<ref>''First Apology'', 65</ref> --> Today, "the Eucharist" is the name still used by [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Oriental Orthodox]], [[Catholics]], [[Anglicans]], [[Presbyterians]], and [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]]. Other [[Protestant]] denominations rarely use this term, preferring "Communion", "the Lord's Supper", "Remembrance", or "the Breaking of Bread". [[Latter-day Saints]] call it "[[Sacrament (LDS Church)|the Sacrament]]".<ref name="LDS_Sacrament"/>

{{anchor|Supper}}

===Lord's Supper===
In the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians]] Paul uses the term "Lord's Supper", in Greek {{lang|grc|Κυριακὸν δεῖπνον}} ({{transliteration|grc|Kyriakon deipnon}}), in the early 50s of the 1st century:<ref name=LaV/><ref name=Schr/>

{{blockquote|When you come together, it is not the Lord's Supper you eat, for as you eat, each of you goes ahead without waiting for anybody else. One remains hungry, another gets drunk.|1 Corinthians 11:20–21<ref>[[s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians#11:20|11:20–21]]</ref>}}

So Paul's use of the term "Lord's Supper" in reference to the Corinthian banquet is powerful and interesting; but to be an actual name for the Christian meal, rather than a meaningful phrase connected with an ephemeral rhetorical contrast, it would have to have some history, previous or subsequent.<ref>Andrew B. McGowan, "The Myth of the Lord's Supper", ''Catholic Biblical Quarterly'' 77.3 (July 2015), 503-21</ref> Nevertheless, given its existence in the biblical text, "Lord's Supper" came into use after the Protestant Reformation and remains the predominant term among [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]], such as [[Baptists]] and [[Pentecostals]].<ref>Christopher A. Stephenson, ''Types of Pentecostal Theology: Method, System, Spirit'', OUP US, 2012{{ISBN?}}</ref>{{rp|123}}<ref>Roger E. Olson, ''The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology'', Westminster John Knox Press, UK, 2004</ref>{{rp|259}}<ref>Edward E. Hindson, Daniel R. Mitchell, ''The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History: The People, Places, and Events That Shaped Christianity'', Harvest House Publishers, US, 2013, {{ISBN?}}</ref>{{rp|371}} They also refer to the observance as an [[Ordinance (Christianity)|ordinance]] rather than a sacrament.

[[File:Last-supper-from-Kremikovtsi.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Kremikovtsi Monastery]] fresco (15th century) depicting the [[Last Supper]] celebrated by Jesus and his disciples. The early Christians too would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection.]]
[[File:Cathedral Fribourg vitrail Eucharistie 01.jpg|thumb|Eucharistic window (1898–1900) by [[Józef Mehoffer]]]]

===Communion===
{{anchor|Communion}}
Use of the term ''Communion'' (or ''Holy Communion'') to refer to the Eucharistic rite began by some groups originating in the [[Protestant Reformation]]. Others, such as the Catholic Church, do not formally use this term for the rite, but instead mean by it the act of partaking of the consecrated elements;<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.ocp.org/en-us/blog/entry/music/holy-communion-eucharist|first=Jethro|last=Higgins|title=Holy Communion: What is the Eucharist?|publisher=Oregon Catholic Press|year=2018}}</ref> they speak of receiving Holy Communion at Mass or outside of it, they also use the term [[First Communion]] when one receives the Eucharist for the first time. The term ''Communion'' is derived from [[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|la|communio}} ("sharing in common"), translated from the Greek {{lang|grc|κοινωνία}} ({{transliteration|grc|koinōnía}}) in 1 Corinthians 10:16:

{{blockquote|The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the ''communion'' of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the ''communion'' of the body of Christ?|1 Corinthians 10:16}}

===Other terms===
====Breaking of bread====
The phrase {{lang|grc|κλάσις τοῦ ἄρτου}} ({{transliteration|grc|klasis tou artou}}, 'breaking of the bread'; in later liturgical Greek also {{lang|grc|ἀρτοκλασία}} {{transliteration|grc|artoklasia}}) appears in various related forms five times in the New Testament<ref>{{Bibleref2|Luke|24:35}}; {{Bibleref2|Acts|2:42}}, {{bibleref2-nb|Acts|2:46}}, {{bibleref2-nb|Acts|20:7}} and {{bibleref2-nb|Acts|20:11}}</ref> in contexts which, according to some, may refer to the celebration of the Eucharist, in either closer or symbolically more distant reference to the Last Supper.<ref>{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Alan |title=Introduction to the Theology of the New Testament |year=1958 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth00rich |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=[[SCM Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth00rich/page/364 364]}}</ref> This term is used by the [[Plymouth Brethren]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church; Nature| editor1-last=Cross| editor1-first=F. L.|editor2-last=Livingstone| editor2-first=E. A.| year=1974| title=Plymouth Brethren| bibcode=1987Natur.329..578B| last1=Bayne| first1=Brian L.| volume=329| page=578 | doi=10.1038/329578b0| pmid=3309679| issue=6140| publisher=Oxford University Press| doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Sacrament or Blessed Sacrament====
The "[[Blessed Sacrament]]", the "Sacrament of the Altar", and other variations, are common terms used by Catholics,<ref>{{Cite CCC|2.1|1330}}</ref> Lutherans<ref>{{cite web |title=Small Catechism (6): The Sacrament of the Altar |url=http://www.christlutheranchurch.org.uk/site/2007/06/23/small-catechism-6-the-sacrament-of-the-altar/ |publisher=Christ Lutheran Church |access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> and some Anglicans ([[Anglo-Catholics]])<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prestige |first1=Leonard |title=Anglo-Catholics: What they believe |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/sspp/prestige1927.html |via=anglicanhistory.org |publisher=[[Society of SS. Peter and Paul]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |date=1927}}</ref> for the consecrated elements, particularly when [[reserved sacrament|reserved]] in a [[Church tabernacle|tabernacle]]. In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] the term "[[Sacrament (Mormonism)|The Sacrament]]" is used of the rite.<ref name="LDS_Sacrament"/>

====Mass====
{{main|Mass (liturgy)|Mass in the Catholic Church}}
The term "[[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]" is used in the [[Catholic Church]], the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] churches (especially the [[Church of Sweden|Churches of Sweden]], [[Church of Norway|Norway]] and [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Finland]]), and by some Anglicans. It derives from the Latin word {{lang|la|missa}}, a dismissal: {{lang|la|"[[Ite missa est]]",}} or "go, it is sent", the very last phrase of the service.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', s.v. [http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/114665 "mass"].</ref> That Latin word has come to imply "mission" as well because the congregation is sent out to serve Christ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Concluding Rites |url=http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/order-of-mass/concluding-rites/index.cfm |website=www.usccb.org |access-date=14 September 2018 }}</ref>

At least in the Catholic Church, the Mass is a long rite in two parts: the [[Liturgy of the Word]] and the [[Liturgy of the Eucharist]]. The former consists of readings from the Bible and a [[homily]], or sermon, given by a priest or deacon. The latter, which follows seamlessly, includes the "[[Offertory|Offering]]" of the bread and wine at the altar, their consecration by the priest through prayer, and their reception by the congregation in Holy Communion.<ref>{{cite web |title=liturgy of the Eucharist {{!}} Definition & Rite |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/liturgy-of-the-Eucharist |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Among the many other terms used in the Catholic Church are "Holy Mass", "the Memorial of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of the Lord", the "Holy Sacrifice of the Mass", and the "Holy Mysteries".<ref>{{cite book | author=Catholic Church | year=2006 |title=Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church | page=275 | publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana }}, and {{cite book | author=Catholic Church | year=1997 | title=Catechism of the Catholic Church | pages=1328–32 | publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops | isbn=978-1574551105 | url=https://archive.org/details/catechismofcatho2000cath | url-access=registration }}</ref>

====Divine Liturgy and Divine Service====
The term [[Divine Liturgy]] ({{lang-grc-gre|Θεία Λειτουργία}}) is used in [[Byzantine Rite]] traditions, whether in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] or among the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]. These also speak of "the Divine Mysteries", especially in reference to the consecrated elements, which they also call "the Holy Gifts".{{efn|Within [[Oriental Orthodoxy]], the "Oblation" is the term used in the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac]], [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic]] and [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian]] churches, while "Consecration" is used in the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. "Oblation" and "Consecration" are of course used also by the Eastern Catholic Churches that are of the same liturgical tradition as these churches. Likewise, in the [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] language of Ireland and Scotland the word {{lang|ga|Aifreann}}, usually translated into English as "Mass", is derived from [[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|Offerendum}}, meaning "oblation", "offering".}}

The term [[Divine Service (Lutheran)|Divine Service]] ({{lang-de|Gottesdienst}}) has often been used to refer to Christian worship more generally and is still used in [[Lutheranism|Lutheran churches]], in addition to the terms "Eucharist", "Mass" and "Holy Communion".<ref name="Spicer2016">{{cite book|last=Spicer|first=Andrew|title=Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe|year= 2016|publisher=Routledge|language=en |isbn=978-1351921169|page=185}}</ref> Historically this refers (like the term "worship" itself) to service of God, although more recently it has been associated with the idea that God is serving the congregants in the liturgy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fblcchicago.org/worship/the-lutheran-way-of-worship|title=The Lutheran Way of Worship|last=Kellerman|first=James|publisher=First Bethlehem Lutheran Church|language=en|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-date=19 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619130622/http://fblcchicago.org/worship/the-lutheran-way-of-worship|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Other Eastern rites====
Some Eastern rites have yet more names for Eucharist. [[Holy Qurbana]] is common in [[Syriac Christianity]] and ''Badarak''<ref>{{Citation|last=Hovhanessian|first=Vahan|chapter=Badarak (Patarag)|date=2011|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0112|isbn=978-0470670606|title=The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization}}</ref> in the [[Armenian Rite]]; in the [[Alexandrian Rite]], the term ''Prosfora'' (from the Greek {{lang|grc|προσφορά}}) is common in [[Christianity in Egypt|Coptic Christianity]] and ''Keddase'' in [[Ethiopian Christianity|Ethiopian]] and [[Christianity in Eritrea|Eritrean Christianity]].<ref name="Bradshaw2012">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ms20-mUmdYwC&q=Coptic+eucharist&pg=PA142|title=The Eucharistic Liturgies: Their Evolution and Interpretation|last1=Bradshaw|first1=Paul F.|last2=Johnson|first2=Maxwell E.|date=2012|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0814662663|language=en}}</ref>