Doctor of Philosophy Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! ==Definition== [[File:Phdposing.png|thumb|A group of new PhD graduates with their professors at [[Worcester Polytechnic Institute]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]]] In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of [[philosophy]], but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy, [[social science]]s, mathematics, and [[natural philosophy]]/[[natural science|sciences]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chang |first=Sooyoung |title=Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians |publisher=World Scientific |year=2010 |isbn=978-981-4282-29-1 |page=183 |doi=10.1142/7420|url=http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/615221998.pdf }}</ref> other than [[theology]], [[law]], and [[medicine]] (the so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of [[liberal arts education|liberal arts]] was known as the "faculty of philosophy". A PhD candidate must submit a project, [[thesis]], or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic [[research]], which is in principle worthy of publication in a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] journal.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Dinham |first1=S. |title=The Experience of Disseminating the Results of Doctoral Research |last2=Scott |first2=C. |journal=Journal of Further and Higher Education |year=2001 |volume=25 |pages=45β55 |doi=10.1080/03098770020030498 |s2cid=146687739}}</ref> In many countries, a candidate must [[Thesis defense|defend]] this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the [[Doctor of Musical Arts]] (D.M.A.) for music performers, [[Doctor of Juridical Science]] (S.J.D.) for legal scholars and the [[Doctor of Education]] (Ed.D.) for studies in education. In 2005 the [[Special:WhatLinksHere/European University Association|European University Association]] defined the "Salzburg Principles", 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the [[Bologna Process]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirsti Koch Christensen |date=2005 |title=BOLOGNA SEMINAR: DOCTORAL PROGRAMMES FOR THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY |url=http://eua.be/eua/jsp/en/upload/Salzburg_Report_final.1129817011146.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011095904/http://eua.be/eua/jsp/en/upload/Salzburg_Report_final.1129817011146.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017 |publisher=European Universities Association}}</ref> These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles", seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the [[European League of Institutes of the Arts]], which have been endorsed by the [[European Association of Conservatoires]], the [[International Association of Film and Television Schools]], the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the [[Society for Artistic Research]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE 'FLORENCE PRINCIPLES' ON THE DOCTORATE IN THE ARTS |url=http://www.elia-artschools.org/userfiles/File/customfiles/1-the-florence-principles20161124105336_20161202112511.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221161920/http://www.elia-artschools.org/userfiles/File/customfiles/1-the-florence-principles20161124105336_20161202112511.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to [[higher doctorate]]s. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a ''doctoral student'' or ''PhD student''; a student who has completed any necessary coursework and related examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a ''doctoral candidate'' or ''PhD candidate''. A student attaining this level may be granted a [[Candidate of Philosophy]] degree at some institutions or may be granted a [[master's degree]] ''en route'' to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "ABD", meaning "[[All But Dissertation|all but dissertation]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schuman |first=Rebecca |date=2014-08-01 |title=ABD Company |work=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/08/abds_all_but_dissertation_ph_d_candidates_who_can_t_quite_finish.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831192619/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/08/abds_all_but_dissertation_ph_d_candidates_who_can_t_quite_finish.html |archive-date=31 August 2018 |issn=1091-2339}}</ref> PhD graduates may undertake a [[postdoc]] in the process of transitioning from study to [[academic tenure]]. Individuals who have earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree use the title ''[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]'' (often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr."), although the [[etiquette]] associated with this usage may be subject to the professional ethics of the particular scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickey |first=Robert |title=How address the holder of a Doctorate |url=http://www.formsofaddress.info/Doctorate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625215731/http://www.formsofaddress.info/Doctorate.html |archive-date=25 June 2020 |access-date=2018-08-23 |website=FormsOfAddress.info}}</ref> Alternatively, holders may use [[post-nominal letters]] such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil", depending on the awarding institution. It is, however, considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals together.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How to Correctly Use the Titles Dr. & PhD With a Name {{!}} Synonym |url=https://classroom.synonym.com/how-to-correctly-use-the-titles-dr-phd-with-a-name-12082451.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105528/https://classroom.synonym.com/how-to-correctly-use-the-titles-dr-phd-with-a-name-12082451.html |archive-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page