Deutsche Welle

== History ==

=== Precursor ===
A predecessor with a similar name was ''Deutsche Welle GmbH'', which was founded in August 1924 by German diplomat and radio pioneer [[Ernst Ludwig Voss]] in Berlin and broadcast regularly from January 7, 1926. The station was initially owned by 70% by [[Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft]] and 30% by the [[Free State of Prussia]]. From 1931 onwards, Deutsche Welle broadcast from the [[Haus des Rundfunks|Berlin Broadcasting House]]. On January 1, 1933, Deutsche Welle GmbH was officially transferred to [[Deutschlandsender|Deutschlandsender GmbH]].

The station sees itself in the tradition of the first German foreign broadcaster, the Weltrundfunksender (world broadcaster) of the [[Weimar Republic]]. The Weltrundfunksender was renamed to [[Deutscher Kurzwellensender|deutscher Kurzwellensender (German Shortwave Broadcaster)]] by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] in 1933.

=== Beginnings ===
DW's first shortwave broadcast took place on 3 May 1953 with an address by the then-West German President, [[Theodor Heuss]]. On 11 June 1953, [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] public broadcasters signed an agreement to share responsibility for {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}}. At first, it was controlled by [[Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk]] (NWDR). In 1955, NWDR split into [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] (NDR) and [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] (WDR), WDR assumed responsibility for {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} programming. In 1960, {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} became an independent public body after a court ruled that while broadcasting ''to'' Germany was a state matter, broadcasting ''from'' Germany was part of the federal government's foreign affairs function.<ref name="Sjurts 2010 p. 43">{{cite book |last=Sjurts |first=I. |title = Gabler Kompakt-Lexikon Medien: 1.000 Begriffe nachschlagen, verstehen und anwenden |publisher=Gabler Verlag |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8349-9180-5 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=T3EpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |language=de |access-date=10 January 2021 |page=43 }}</ref> On 7 June 1962, DW joined [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] as a national broadcasting station.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2014 |title = Ausarbeitung: Vergleich der Sender CNN, Deutsche Welle, BBC and CCTV |trans-title = Elaboration: Comparison of the channels CNN, Deutsche Welle, BBC and CCTV |url = https://www.bundestag.de/blob/410184/fb231184dbeb8473b6ce405adec4274f/wd-10-012-14-pdf-data.pdf |website=[[Bundestag]] |language=de |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202446/https://www.bundestag.de/blob/410184/fb231184dbeb8473b6ce405adec4274f/wd-10-012-14-pdf-data.pdf |archive-date = 29 August 2017 |url-status = live }}</ref> {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} was originally headquartered in the West German city of [[Cologne]]. After [[German reunification|reunification]], when much of the government relocated to Berlin, the station's headquarters moved to Bonn.

=== German reunification ===
With the [[German reunification]] in 1990, [[Radio Berlin International]] (RBI), [[East Germany]]'s international broadcaster ceased to exist. Some of the RBI staff joined {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} and DW inherited some broadcasting facilities, including transmitting facilities at [[Nauen]], as well as RBI's frequencies.

'''DW (TV)''' began as '''RIAS-TV''', a television station launched by the [[West Berlin]] broadcaster RIAS (Radio in the American Sector / [[Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor]]) in August 1988; they also acquired the German Educational Television Network in the United States. The rein of the [[Berlin Wall]] the following year and German reunification in 1990 meant that RIAS-TV was to be closed down. On 1 April 1992, {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} inherited the RIAS-TV broadcast facilities, using them to start a German- and English-language television channel broadcast via [[satellite]], DW (TV), adding a short Spanish broadcast segment the following year. In 1995, it began 24-hour operation (12 hours German, 10 hours English, 2 hours Spanish). At that time, DW (TV) introduced a new news studio and a new logo.

{{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} took some of the former independent radio broadcasting service [[Deutschlandfunk]]'s foreign-language programming in 1993, when Deutschlandfunk was absorbed into the new [[Deutschlandradio]].

In addition to radio and television programming, DW sponsored some published material. For example, the South-Asia Department published ''German Heritage: A Series Written for the South Asia Programme'' in 1967 and 1984 published ''African Writers on the Air''. Both publications were transcripts of DW programming.

=== Internet presence ===
In September 1994, {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} was the first public broadcaster in Germany with an internet presence, initially '''www-dw.gmd.de''', hosted by the GMD Information Technology Research Center. For its first two years, the site listed little more than contact addresses, although DW's ''News Journal'' was broadcast in [[RealAudio]] from Real's server beginning in 1995, and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]''{{'}}s initial web presence, which included news articles from the newspaper, shared the site. In 1996, it evolved into a news website using the URL '''dwelle.de'''; in 2001, the URL changed to '''www.dw-world.de''', and was changed again in 2012, to '''www.dw.de'''. {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} purchased the domain '''dw.com''', which previously belonged to [[DiamondWare]], in 2013; DW had attempted to claim ownership of the address in 2000, without success. DW eventually moved to the '''www.dw.com''' domain on 22 June 2015. According to DW, their website delivers information by topic with an intuitive navigation organized to meet users' expectations. The layout offers more flexibility to feature pictures, videos, and in-depth reporting on the day's events in a multimedia and multilingual fashion. They also integrated their Media Center into the dw.de website making it easier for users to access videos, audio, and picture galleries from DW's multimedia archive of reports, programs, and coverage of special issues.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 February 2012|title=DW introduces new website and TV program|url=https://www.dw.com/en/dw-introduces-new-website-and-tv-program/a-15714267|access-date=26 March 2020|website=dw.com|language=en|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601073512/https://www.dw.com/en/dw-introduces-new-website-and-tv-program/a-15714267|url-status=live}}</ref>

DW's news site is in seven core languages ([[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], English, German, Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese for Brazil]], and Russian), as well as a mixture of news and information in 23 other languages in which {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} broadcasts. [[Persian language|Persian]] became the site's eighth focus language in 2007.

German and European news is DW's central focus, but the site also offers background information about Germany and German language courses.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dw.com/en/learn-german/s-2469 |title = Learn German |publisher = Deutsche Welle |access-date = 5 August 2017 |archive-date = 5 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170805082146/http://www.dw.com/en/learn-german/s-2469 |url-status = live }}</ref> '''''Deutsch, Warum Nicht?''''' (literally: ''German, Why Not?'') is a personal course for learning the German language, created by {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} and the {{lang|de|[[Goethe-Institut]]|italic=no}}.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/learn-german/deutsch-warum-nicht/s-2548 ''Deutsch, Warum Nicht?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621004654/http://www.dw.de/learn-german/deutsch-warum-nicht/s-2548 |date=21 June 2015 }}. {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}}. Retrieved 5 August 2017.</ref>

In 2003, the German government passed a new "{{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} Act", which defined DW as a tri-media organization, making the {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} website an equal partner with DW-TV and DW Radio. The website is available in 30 languages, but focuses on German, English, Spanish, Russian, Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, and Arabic. Persian became the eighth focus language in 2007.

In March 2009, DW-TV expanded its television services in Asia with two new channels, namely DW-TV Asia and DW-TV Asia+. DW-TV Asia (DW-TV Asien in German) contains 16 hours of German programming and 8 hours in English, whilst DW-TV Asia+ contains 18 hours of English programmes plus 6 hours of German programmes.<ref>[http://www.dw.com/en/two-dedicated-channels-provide-gateway-to-europe/a-3930041 Two New Dedicated Channels Provide Gateway to Europe: Two DW-TV channel launched in Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709061649/http://www.dw.com/en/two-dedicated-channels-provide-gateway-to-europe/a-3930041 |date=9 July 2017 }} {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}}.</ref>

In August 2009, DW-TV's carriage in the United Kingdom on [[Sky Digital (UK & Ireland)|Sky]] channel 794 ceased, although the channel continues to be available via other European satellites receivable in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2055640587 |title = No more DW-TV on Sky/Astra |work = Boards |date = 18 November 2001 |access-date = 15 May 2015 |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092648/http://www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2055640587 |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2011, DW announced a significant reduction of service including the closure of most of its FM services in the Balkans (except for [[Romani language|Romani]]), but that it would expand its network of FM partners in Africa. The radio production for Hausa, Kiswahili, French, and Portuguese for Africa was optimized for FM broadcasts and DW also produces a regional radio magazine daily in English, to be rebroadcast by partners in Africa.

Audio content in Arabic is distributed online, via mobile, or rebroadcast by partners.

DW announced it would focus on FM partnerships for Bengali, Urdu, Dari/Pashtu, and Indonesian for South Asia, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.

On 1 November 2011, DW discontinued shortwave broadcasts in German, Russian, Persian, and Indonesian and ended its English service outside Africa. Chinese programming was reduced from 120 minutes to 60 minutes a week. As of November 2011, DW only broadcast radio programming via shortwave in: Amharic, Chinese, Dari, English and French for Africa, Hausa, Kiswahili, Pashtu, Portuguese for Africa and Urdu.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dw.com/en/deutsche-welle-changes-in-radio-broadcasts-starting-this-summer/a-6529299 |title = Changes in radio broadcasts starting this summer |publisher = Deutsche Welle |access-date = 19 July 2015 |archive-date = 22 July 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150722074611/http://www.dw.com/en/deutsche-welle-changes-in-radio-broadcasts-starting-this-summer/a-6529299 |url-status = live }}</ref>

The budget of the {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} for 2016 was 301.8&nbsp;million euros.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/Etataufstockung-Deutsche-Welle-erhaelt-mehr-als-zehn-Millionen-zusaetzlich-137721 |title = Etataufstockung: Deutsche Welle erhält mehr als zehn Millionen zusätzlich |access-date = 29 August 2017 |archive-date = 29 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170829165216/http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/Etataufstockung-Deutsche-Welle-erhaelt-mehr-als-zehn-Millionen-zusaetzlich-137721 |url-status = live }}</ref>

On 25 February 2018, [[DW-TV]] published ''"The Climate Cover Up – Big Oil's Campaign of Deception"'' (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dw.com/en/the-climate-cover-up-big-oils-deception/av-42731406 |title = The climate cover-up – big oil's deception {{!}} All media content {{!}} DW {{!}} 25 February 2018 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225124442/http://www.dw.com/en/the-climate-cover-up-big-oils-deception/av-42731406|archive-date=25 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> after documents confirmed big oil companies have known<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Supran |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Oreskes |first2=Naomi |author2-link=Naomi Oreskes |year=2017 |title = Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977–2014) |url = http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/12/i=8/a=084019 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=12 |issue=8 |page=084019 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f |issn=1748-9326 |bibcode=2017ERL....12h4019S |doi-access=free }}</ref> the burning of fossil fuels impacts climate since 1957.<ref>{{Citation |author = DW Documentary |title = The climate cover up – big oil's campaign of deception {{!}} DW Documentary |date = 25 February 2018 |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbwEniX51t0 |access-date = 26 February 2018 |archive-date = 4 March 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180304021435/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbwEniX51t0 |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Funding ===

{{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} is funded from federal grants taken from the federal tax revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.dw.com/de/wer-finanziert-die-deutsche-welle/a-279073|title =wer finanziert die deutsche welle|publisher =Deutsche Welle|access-date =25 February 2022|archive-date =18 February 2022|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220218125342/https://www.dw.com/de/wer-finanziert-die-deutsche-welle/a-279073|url-status =live}}</ref>

Since the reorganisation of broadcasting as a result of German reunification, {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} has been the only remaining broadcasting corporation under federal law. In contrast to the national public broadcasters, which are financed by the license fee the ARD state broadcasters, Deutschlandradio and ZDF, it is not financed through the broadcasting fee, but from federal taxes. The Ministry for Culture and Media is responsible for the financing, which in turn allows the DW to offer a broadcast with low to nonexistent advertising time.

=== Rebranding television news ===
On 22 June 2015, DW TV launched a 24-hour English-language news channel with a new design and a new studio as part of a rebrand to [[DW News]]. Previously, DW's news programmes were called [[Journal (German TV programme)|''Journal'']] and broadcast in English in 3-, 15- and 30-minute blocks. The new channel offers 30-minute updates every hour and 60-minute programmes twice a day on weekdays. DW News broadcasts from Berlin but frequently has live social media segments hosted from a specially designed studio in Bonn. The German, Spanish, and Arabic channels also received a new design.

At the same time, DW's news website moved from a .de [[URL]] to .com and added a social media stream to its front page. The refreshed DW services were launched under the tagline 'Made for Minds'.

=== Plans for the future ===
{{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} has developed a [[Two-tier system|two-tier]] approach that they are using for the future growth of their company which consists of a global approach and a regional approach. Within their global approach, DW has now made plans to boost its competitiveness market throughout the world with news and television coverage. The plan implements covering almost all regions of the world with two television channels in each region. With some exclusions, the entire world will be covered. Hours covered range throughout regions and the coverage will be in German, English, Spanish, and Arabic.<ref name="nhk-2014">{{cite web |url = https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/english/reports/pdf/report_14030101-2.pdf |title=International Broadcasters Confronted with Great Changes: Their Strategies amid Streamlining Part II: Deutsche Welle (Germany) |last=Masayuki |first=Saito |date=March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326220117/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/english/reports/pdf/report_14030101-2.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The regional approach looks at marketing over the Internet to offer news coverage in languages other than the 4 being offered. With updates on DW's website news will be better tailored to each region. Over time, they plan to diversify their online coverage with more regional content being covered.<ref name="nhk-2014" />

=== Censorship ===
On 10 April 2019, DW announced that [[Venezuela]]'s state telecoms regulator [[National Commission of Telecommunications|Conatel]] had halted its Spanish-language channel. By 15 April, the broadcasting service was restored.<ref>Vivian Sequera and Andrea Shalal (15 April 2019), [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-media-germany/german-state-owned-tv-says-it-returns-to-venezuela-screens-idUSKCN1RR221 German state-owned TV says it returns to Venezuela screens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416163927/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-media-germany/german-state-owned-tv-says-it-returns-to-venezuela-screens-idUSKCN1RR221 |date=16 April 2019 }} [[Reuters]].</ref>

In 2019, the Russian [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] accused DW of calling on Russians to take part in recent anti-government protests and threatened it would take action against the outlet under domestic law if it made such calls again.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ostroukh |first1=Andrey |last2=Balmforth |first2=Tom |date=8 August 2019 |title=Russia accuses Deutsche Welle of urging Russians to take part in protests |work=[[Reuters]] |publication-place=Moscow |editor-last=Lawson |editor-first=Hugh |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-politics-deutschewelle-idUSKCN1UY23E |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044621/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-politics-deutschewelle-idUSKCN1UY23E |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after, Russia's parliament accused DW of breaking [[Elections in Russia|election legislation]] and asked the foreign ministry to consider revoking the German broadcaster's right to work in the country.<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news |last1=Kiselyova |first1=Maria |last2=Balmforth |first2=Tom |date=6 November 2019 |title=Russia's foreign ministry opposes call to ban Deutsche Welle: Ifax |work=[[Reuters]] |publication-place=Moscow |editor-last=Heavens |editor-first=Andrew |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-politics-germany-deutschewelle-idUSKBN1XG0Z1 |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044613/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-politics-germany-deutschewelle-idUSKBN1XG0Z1 |url-status=live }}</ref> By November, Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergei Lavrov]] declared he did not support banning foreign media outlets.<ref name="reuters.com" />

On 3 February 2022, in retaliation to Germany's broadcasting regulator's decision to ban the transmission of the Russian state-run [[RT DE|RT Deutsch]] channel over a lack of a broadcasting license, the Russian foreign ministry said that it would shut down DW's Moscow bureau, strip all DW staff of their accreditation and terminate broadcasting of DW in Russia. It also stated that it would begin the procedure of designating DW as a "[[Russian foreign agent law|foreign agent]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/03/russia-shuts-down-deutsche-welles-moscow-office-a76254|title=Russia Shuts Down German Broadcaster Deutsche Welle's Moscow Office|website=themoscowtimes.com|date=3 February 2022|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407122810/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/02/03/russia-shuts-down-deutsche-welles-moscow-office-a76254|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Moscow office of {{Lang|de|Deutsche Welle|italic=no}} was informed that it would be shut at 9:00 on Friday, 4 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 February 2022|title=German anger as Russia shuts international broadcaster Deutsche Welle|page=1|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60257581|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204115632/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60257581|url-status=live}}</ref> DW made plans to relocate Moscow operations to the Latvian capital, [[Riga]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Deutsche Welle relocates to Riga |url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2022/03/09/deutsche-welle-relocates-to-riga/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Broadband TV News |language=en-GB |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313034620/https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2022/03/09/deutsche-welle-relocates-to-riga/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 June 2022, DW was banned in [[Turkey]] upon the request of [[Radio and Television Supreme Council]] (RTÜK). RTÜK ordered DW in February 2022 to pay the license fee or to terminate their service in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-30 |title=Turkey blocks access to Deutsche Welle, Voice of America for not getting licenses -official |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630211954/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2022, [[Iran]] sanctioned DW Farsi for coverage of [[Mahsa Amini protests|2022 Iranian protests]]. Iran's Foreign Ministry announced the sanctions in a statement, accusing those listed of "supporting terrorism."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Tehran sanctions DW Farsi for coverage of Iran protests |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-sanctions-dw-farsi-for-coverage-of-protests/a-63562810 |website=DW News |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417172722/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-sanctions-dw-farsi-for-coverage-of-protests/a-63562810 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=وزارت امور خارجه برخی افراد و نهادهای اروپایی را تحریم کرد/ دویچه وله آلمان و RFA فرانسه از جمله تحریم‌شدگان هستند. |url=https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/700487/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%88-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7 |website=Entekhab.ir |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417172722/https://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/700487/%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%88-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7 |url-status=live }}</ref>