Communication studies

== History ==
{{Main|History of communication studies}}

=== Origins ===
Communication, a natural human behavior, became a topic of study in the 20th century.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=A first look at communication theory|last=Griffin, Emory A.|others=Ledbetter, Andrew,, Sparks, Glenn Grayson|isbn=978-1-260-13243-4|edition=Tenth|location=New York, NY|oclc=1010662990|date = 2018-03-05}}</ref> As communication technologies developed, so did the serious study of communication. During this time, a renewed interest in the studies of rhetoric, such as persuasion and public address, was created, which ultimately laid the foundation for several of the forms of communication studies that we know of today.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Study of Communication {{!}} Department of Communication |url=https://communication.humboldt.edu/study-communication#:~:text=The%20Communication%20discipline%20is%20both,part%20of%20the%20citizenry%27s%20education. |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=communication.humboldt.edu}}</ref> The focus of communication studies developed further in the 20th century, eventually including means of communication such as mass communication, interpersonal communication, and oral interpretation.<ref name=":04"/> When [[World War I]] ended, the interest in studying communication intensified. The methods of communication that had been used during the war had challenged the beliefs many people had on the limits of it that existed prior to these events. Innovations were invented during this period of time that no one had ever seen before, like the aircraft telephones and throat microphones.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |title=The National Archives - Fighting talk: First World War telecommunications - The National Archives |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/telecommunications-in-war/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, new ways of communicating that had been discovered, especially the use of morse code through portable morse code machines, helped troops to communicate in a much more rapid pace than ever before.<ref name=":2" /> This then sparked ideas for even more advanced ways of communication to later be created and discovered.<ref name=":2" />

The social science study was fully recognized as a legitimate discipline after [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Getting the message : a history of communications|last=Solymar, L. (Laszlo)|date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850333-4|location=Oxford|oclc=40602884}}</ref> Prior to being established as its own discipline, communication studies, was formed from three other major studies no: psychology, sociology, and political science.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Bannerman|first1=Sara|last2=Haggart|first2=Blayne|date=2014-10-27|title=Historical Institutionalism in Communication Studies: Historical Institutionalism in Communication Studies|journal=Communication Theory|language=en|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1111/comt.12051}}</ref> Communication studies focus on communication as central to the human experience, which involves understanding how people behave in creating, exchanging, and interpreting messages.<ref>Jefferson D. Pooley, "The New History of Mass Communication Research", in History of Media and Communication Research: Contested Memories, edited with David Park (New York: Peter Lang, 2008)</ref> Today, this accepted discipline now also encompasses more modern forms of communication studies as well, such as gender and communication, intercultural communication, political communication, health communication, and organizational communication.<ref name=":04"/>

=== Foundations of the academic discipline ===
The institutionalization of communication studies in U.S. higher education and research has often been traced to [[Columbia University]], the [[University of Chicago]], and the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]], where early pioneers of the field worked after the [[Second World War]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">William F. Eadie, "Communication as an Academic Field: USA and Canada", in International Encyclopedia of Communication, ed. Wolfgang Donsbach, Boston, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.</ref><ref name="obit2" />

[[Wilbur Schramm]] is considered the founder of the field of communication studies in the United States.<ref name="obit2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/01/obituaries/wilbur-schramm-wrote-many-works-on-communications.html|title=Wilbur Schramm; Wrote Many Works On Communications|date=1 January 1988|work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928045025/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/01/obituaries/wilbur-schramm-wrote-many-works-on-communications.html |archive-date= Sep 28, 2022 }}</ref> Schramm was hugely influential in establishing communication as a field of study and in forming departments of communication studies across universities in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Handbook of Communication History|last=Simonson|first=Peter|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0415892599|location=New York}}</ref> He was the first individual to identify himself as a communication scholar; he created the first academic degree-granting programs with communication in their name; and he trained the first generation of communication scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anany |first1=Emile G. Mc |title=Wilbur Schramm, 1907-1987: Roots of the past, Seeds of the Present |journal=Journal of Communication |date=1 December 1988 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.1988.tb02073.x }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Everett M. |title=The department of communication at Michigan state university as a seed institution for communication study |journal=Communication Studies |date=1 September 2001 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=234–248 |doi=10.1080/10510970109388556 |s2cid=142732423 }}</ref> Schramm had a background in English literature and developed communication studies partly by merging existing programs in speech communication, rhetoric, and journalism. He also edited a textbook ''The Process and Effects of Mass Communication'' (1954) that helped define the field, partly by claiming [[Paul Lazarsfeld]], [[Harold Lasswell]], [[Carl Hovland]], and [[Kurt Lewin]] as its founding forefathers.<ref name="obit2" />

Schramm established three important communication institutes: the [[UIUC College of Media|Institute of Communications Research]] (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Institute for Communication Research ([[Stanford University]]), and the [[East–West Center|East-West]] Communication Institute ([[Honolulu]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Danielson|first=Wayne|date=1997|title=The Beginnings of Communication Study in America: A Personal Memoir|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|volume=73|issue=4|pages=890–910}}</ref> The patterns of scholarly work in communication studies that were set in motion at these institutes continue to this day.<ref name="The Free Press2">{{cite book|title=A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach|last1=Rogers|first1=Everett|date=1994|publisher=The Free Press|location=NY|page=29}}</ref> Many of Schramm's students, such as [[Everett Rogers]] and [[David Berlo]] went on to make important contributions of their own.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Diffusion of innovations|last=Rogers, Everett M.|date=2003|publisher=Free Press|isbn=0-7432-2209-1|edition=5th|location=New York|oclc=52030797|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/diffusionofinnov00roge}}</ref>

The first college of communication was founded at [[Michigan State University]] in 1958, led by scholars from Schramm's original [[UIUC College of Media|ICR]] and dedicated to studying communication scientifically using a quantitative approach.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-03-16-9603160107-story.html|title=David Kenneth Berlo |website=Chicago Tribune |date=16 March 1996 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-02 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181004171122/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1996-03-16-9603160107-story.html |archive-date= Oct 4, 2018 }}</ref> MSU was soon followed by important departments of communication at [[Purdue University]], [[University of Texas-Austin]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of Iowa]], [[University of Illinois]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], [[The University of Southern California]], and [[Northwestern University]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ely|first=Donald|date=1960|title=The Communications School: Neophyte in Higher Education|journal=Audio Visual Communication Review|volume=8|issue=5|pages=20–27|doi=10.1007/BF02719714 |s2cid=59735392 |via=JSTOR}}</ref><ref name=":6">Simonson, Peter; Peters, John Durham (2008-06-05), "Communication and Media Studies, History to 1968", ''The International Encyclopedia of Communication'', John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, {{ISBN|978-1-4051-8640-7}}, retrieved 2019-12-02</ref>

Associations related to Communication Studies were founded or expanded during the 1950s. The National Society for the Study of Communication (NSSC) was founded in 1950 to encourage scholars to pursue communication research as a social science.<ref name=":4" /> This Association launched the [[Journal of Communication]] in the same year as its founding. Like many communication associations founded around this decade, the name of the association changed with the field. In 1968 the name changed to the [[International Communication Association]] (ICA).<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The history of speech communication : the emergence of a discipline, 1914-1945|last=Cohen|first=Herman|date=1995|publisher=Speech Communication Association|isbn=0-944811-14-0|location=Annandale, Va|oclc=667177896}}</ref>

===In the United States===
Undergraduate curricula aim to prepare students to interrogate the nature of communication in society, and the development of communication as a specific field.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morreale |first1=Sherwyn |last2=Osborn |first2=Michael |last3=Pearson |first3=Judy |date=2000 |title=Why Communication is Important: A Rationale for the Centrality of the Study of Communication |url=https://www.natcom.org/uploadedFiles/More_Scholarly_Resources/Chairs_Corner/Making_the_Case_for_and_Advancing_the_Discipline/PDF-ATD-JACA-Why_Communication_is_Important_%20Rationale_for_Centrality_of_the_Study_of_Communication.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of the Association for Communication Administration |publisher=National Communication Association |volume=29 |pages=1–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235213/https://www.natcom.org/uploadedFiles/More_Scholarly_Resources/Chairs_Corner/Making_the_Case_for_and_Advancing_the_Discipline/PDF-ATD-JACA-Why_Communication_is_Important_%20Rationale_for_Centrality_of_the_Study_of_Communication.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-05 |access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref>

The [[National Communication Association]] (NCA) recognizes several distinct but often overlapping specializations within the broader communication discipline including:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-26 |title=What is Communication? |url=https://www.natcom.org/about-nca/what-communication |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=National Communication Association |language=en}}</ref> [[technical communication|technology]], critical-cultural, [[health communication|health]], [[intercultural communication|intercultural]], [[interpersonal communication|interpersonal]]-small group, mass communication, [[organizational communication|organizational]], [[political communication|political]], rhetorical, and [[environmental communication]]. Students take courses in these subject areas. Other programs and courses often integrated in communication programs include{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} [[journalism]], [[rhetoric]], [[film criticism]], [[theatre]], [[public relations]], [[political science]] (e.g., political campaign strategies, public speaking, effects of media on elections), as well as [[radio]], [[television]], [[computer-mediated communication]], [[film production]], and [[new media]].

Many colleges in the United States offer a variety of different majors within the realm of communication studies, consisting of programs of study in the areas mentioned above. Communication studies is often perceived by many in society as being primarily centered around the media arts, however, those that become communication studies graduates could move on to have careers in areas ranging from media arts to public advocacy to marketing to non-profit organizations and even more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BA in Communication Studies |url=https://cla.umn.edu/comm-studies/undergraduate/majors-minors/ba-communication-studies |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=College of Liberal Arts |language=en}}</ref>

=== In Canada ===
With the early influence of federal institutional inquiries, notably the 1951 ''Massey Commission'',<ref name="emc"/> which "investigated the overall state of culture in Canada",<ref name="emc">{{Cite web |title=Massey Commission  |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/massey-commission-emc |first1= J.D.M. |last1=Stewart |first2=Helmut |last2=Kallmann |first3= Andrew |last3=McIntosh  |orig-date= February 7, 2006 |date= November 12, 2019 |access-date=2018-10-25 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> the study of communication in Canada has frequently focused on the development of a cohesive national culture, and on infrastructural empires of social and material circulation. Although influenced by the American Communication tradition and [[British Cultural Studies]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Cultural Studies |url=https://people.ucalgary.ca/~rseiler/british.htm |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=people.ucalgary.ca}}</ref> Communication studies in Canada has been more directly oriented toward the state and the policy apparatus, for example the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) |date=2014-03-21 |title=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission |url=https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/home-accueil.htm |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=crtc.gc.ca}}</ref> Influential thinkers from the Canadian communication tradition include [[Harold Innis]], [[Marshall McLuhan]], Florian Sauvageau, Gertrude Robinson, Marc Raboy, [[Dallas Smythe]], [[James R. Taylor]], [[François Cooren]], [[Gail Guthrie Valaskakis]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]].

Communication studies within Canada are a relatively new discipline, however, there are programs and departments to support and teach this topic in about 13 Canadian universities and many colleges as well.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Communication Studies  |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/communication-studies |first1= Liora |last1=Salter |orig-date= December 3, 2012 |date= March 4, 2015 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> The Communication et information from Laval, and the Canadian Journal of Communication from McGill University in Montréal, are two journals that exist in Canada.<ref name=":7" /> There are also organizations and associations, both national and in Québec, that appeal to the specific interests that are targeted towards these academics.<ref name=":7" /> These specific journals consist of representatives from the industry of communication, the government, and members of the public as a whole.<ref name=":7" />
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