Columbia Records

== History ==
=== Beginnings (1889–1929) ===
[[File:ColumbiaPhonographBldg1889.jpg|thumb|The original home of Columbia in [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1889; the company was named after the city.]]
[[File:Graphophone1901.jpg|thumb|A Columbia type AT cylinder [[graphophone]] produced in 1898<ref name="guide">{{cite book|last=Hazelcorn|first=Howard|title=A Collector's Guide to the Columbia Spring-Wound Cylinder Graphophone|publisher=Antique Phonograph Monthly|year=1976|edition=1|pages=10, 13}}</ref>]]
[[File:Columbia1116D.jpg|thumb|The American label of an electrically recorded Columbia disc by [[Art Gillham]] from the mid-1920s]]
The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded on January 15, 1889, by stenographer, lawyer, and [[New Jersey]] native [[Edward D. Easton]] (1856–1915) and a group of investors. It derived its name from the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], where it was headquartered.<ref name="IEEE Easton">{{cite web|title=Edward Easton|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Edward_Easton |publisher=IEEE |access-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bilton|first=Lynn|title=Hail, Columbia: A fresh book at last gives Edward Easton and his Graphophone company their due|url=http://www.intertique.com/Hail%20Columbia.htm|access-date=January 22, 2014|year=1998}}</ref> At first it had a local monopoly on sales and service of Edison [[phonograph]]s and [[phonograph cylinder]]s in Washington, D.C., [[Maryland]], and [[Delaware]]. As was the custom of some of the regional phonograph companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own, and its catalogue of musical records in 1891 was 10 pages.

Columbia's ties to Edison were severed in 1894 with the [[North American Phonograph Company]]'s breakup. Thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the "XP" record, a molded brown wax record, to use up old stock. Columbia introduced black wax records in 1903. According to one source, they continued to mold brown waxes until 1904 with the highest number being 32601, "Heinie", which is a duet by [[Arthur Collins (singer)|Arthur Collins]] and [[Byron G. Harlan]]. The molded brown waxes may have been sold to [[Sears]] for distribution (possibly under Sears' Oxford trademark for Columbia products).<ref>{{cite web |last=Gracyk |first=Tim |url=http://www.gracyk.com/wax.shtml |title=Tim Gracyk's Phonographs, Singers, and Old Records – How Late Did Columbia Use Brown Wax? |publisher=Gracyk.com |date=October 11, 1904 |access-date=December 31, 2009 |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173001/http://www.gracyk.com/wax.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Columbia began selling [[gramophone record|disc records]], invented and patented by Victor Talking Machine Company's [[Emile Berliner]], and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their "Toy Graphophone" of 1899, which used small, vertically cut records. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the [[Edison Phonograph Company]] cylinders and the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]] disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound.

In order to add prestige to its early catalog of artists, Columbia contracted a number of [[New York Metropolitan Opera]] stars to make recordings (from 1903 onward). These stars included [[Marcella Sembrich]], [[Lillian Nordica]], [[Antonio Scotti]], and [[Edouard de Reszke]], but the technical standard of their recordings was not considered to be as high as the results achieved with classical singers during the pre–World War I period by Victor, Edison, England's [[His Master's Voice]] (The [[Gramophone Company]] Ltd.) or Italy's [[Fonotipia Records]]. After an abortive attempt in 1904 to manufacture discs with the recording grooves stamped into both sides of each disc—not just one—in 1908 Columbia commenced successful mass production of what they called their "Double-Faced" discs, the 10-inch variety initially selling for 65 cents apiece. The firm also introduced the internal-horn "'''[[Graphophone|Grafonola]]'''" to compete with the extremely popular "[[Victrola]]" sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company.

During this era, Columbia began to use the "Magic Notes" logo—a pair of sixteenth notes (semiquavers) in a circle—both in the United States and overseas (where this particular logo would never substantially change).

Columbia stopped recording and manufacturing wax cylinder records in 1908, after arranging to issue celluloid cylinder records made by the [[Indestructible Record Company]] of [[Albany, New York]], as "Columbia Indestructible Records". In July 1912, Columbia decided to concentrate exclusively on disc records and stopped manufacturing cylinder phonographs, although they continued selling Indestructible's cylinders under the Columbia name for a year or two more.
<!-- Started on a proper update of the various names in the company's history, but realised it would take rather longer than I thought. Left here to finish later, MinorProphet, 5 December 2022

In January 1913 the Columbia Phonograph Company was renamed the '''Columbia Graphophone Company''', in recognition of its main product, the [[Graphophone]]. Edward Easton remained as President.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Brook |editor-first=Tim |editor2-last=Rust |editor2-first=Brian |title=Columbia Master Book, Volume I |chapter=Columbia Corporate History: Columbia Demonstration Records |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=1999 |series=(online edition) |url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/110}}</ref>

More info at discogs, but no refs...

https://www.discogs.com/label/138789-Columbia-Graphophone-Company

https://www.discogs.com/label/97841-Columbia-Graphophone-Company-Ltd -->
Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players. Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the [[Dictaphone|Dictaphone Corporation]].<ref name="IEEE Easton"/>

=== Columbia Phonograph Company ownership (1925–1931) ===
[[File:Col4951A.jpg|right|thumb|The British label of an electrically recorded Columbia disc by [[Paul Whiteman]]]]
In late 1922, Columbia entered receivership.<ref name="New Grove">{{cite book|last1=Rye|first1=Howard |last2=Kernfeld |first2=Barry|editor1-last=Kernfeld|editor1-first=Barry|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz|date=2002|publisher=Grove's Dictionaries Inc.|location=New York|isbn=1-56159-284-6|page=172|volume=1|edition=2nd}}</ref>

The company was bought by its UK subsidiary, the [[Columbia Graphophone Company]], in 1925 and the label, record numbering system, and recording process changed. On February 25, 1925, Columbia began recording with the electric recording process licensed from [[Western Electric]].<ref name=Brooks_Late_20s >{{citation |title=Columbia Corporate History: Electrical Recording and the Late 1920s |series=Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I |editor-last=Brooks |editor-first=Tim |edition=Online |publisher=Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR) |url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/114}}</ref> "Viva-tonal" records set a benchmark in tone and clarity unequaled on commercial discs during the 78-rpm era. The first electrical recordings were made by [[Art Gillham]], the "Whispering Pianist". In a secret agreement with Victor, electrical technology was kept secret to avoid hurting sales of acoustic records.

Louis Sterling, managing director of the Columbia Graphophone Company, had been the moving force behind bringing Western Electric's recording process, and the British takeover. Originally from New York, Sterling became Chairman of Columbia NY from 1925 until 1931, and oversaw stability and success.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

In 1926, Columbia acquired [[Okeh Records]] and its growing stable of jazz and blues artists, including [[Louis Armstrong]] and [[Clarence Williams (musician)|Clarence Williams]]. Columbia had already built a catalog of blues and jazz artists, including [[Bessie Smith]] in their 14000-D Race series. Columbia also had a successful "Hillbilly" series (15000-D) with [[Dan Hornsby]] among others. By 1927, the "Sweet Jazz" bandleader [[Guy Lombardo]] also joined Columbia and recorded forty five 78 rpm's by 1931.<ref>[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/guy-lombardo-and-his-royal-canadians-emc The Canadian Encyclopedia: "Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians" Mookg, Edward B. (6 April 2008 rev. 4 March 2015)  on thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en]</ref>  In 1928, [[Paul Whiteman]], the nation's most popular orchestra leader, left Victor to record for Columbia. During the same year, Columbia executive [[Frank Buckley Walker]] pioneered some of the first country music or "hillbilly" genre recordings with the [[Johnson City sessions]] in Tennessee, including artists such as [[Clarence Horton Greene]] and [[Charlie Bowman|"Fiddlin'" Charlie Bowman]]. He followed that with a return to Tennessee the next year, as well as recording sessions in other cities of the South. [[Moran and Mack]] as The Two Black Crows 1926 recording 'The Early Bird Catches the Worm' sold 2.5 million copies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murrells |first=Joseph |url=http://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr |title=The book of golden discs |date=1978 |publisher=London : Barrie & Jenkins |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-214-20512-5}}</ref>

In 1929, [[Ben Selvin]] became house bandleader and A. & R. director. Other favorites in the Viva-tonal era included [[Ruth Etting]], Paul Whiteman, [[Fletcher Henderson]], [[Ipana Troubadours]] (a Sam Lanin group), and [[Ted Lewis (musician)|Ted Lewis]]. Columbia used acoustic recording for "budget label" pop product well into 1929 on the labels Harmony, Velvet Tone (both general purpose labels), and [[Diva Records|Diva]] (sold exclusively at [[W.T. Grant]] stores). When Edison Records folded, Columbia was the oldest surviving record label.

=== Columbia ownership separation (1931–1936) ===

The repercussions of the stock market [[Crash of 1929]] led to huge losses in the recording industry and, in March 1931, J.P Morgan, the major shareholder, steered the Columbia Graphophone Company (along with [[Odeon records]] and [[Parlophone]], which it had owned since 1926) into a merger with the [[Gramophone Company]] ( ("His Master's Voice") to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd ([[EMI]]).<ref name=Brooks_Early_30s >{{citation |title=Columbia Corporate History: Market Crash, 1929, and the Early 1930s |series=Columbia Master Book Discography, Volume I |editor-last=Brooks |editor-first=Tim |edition=Online |publisher=Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR) |url=https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/115}} ''See also'' [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/resources/detail/131 Notes section].</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Sir Louis Sterling and his library |last=Walworth |first=Julia |journal=Jewish Historical Studies |volume=40 |year=2005 |page=161 |publisher=Jewish Historical Society of England |jstor=24027031}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/616485.stm |title=EMI: A Brief History |work=BBC News |access-date=15 January 2009 | date=24 January 2000}}</ref> Since the Gramophone Company (HMV) was a wholly owned subsidiary of Victor, and Columbia in America was a subsidiary of UK Columbia, Victor now technically owned its largest rival in the US.<ref name=Brooks_Early_30s /> To avoid [[antitrust]] legislation, EMI had to sell off its US Columbia operation, which continued to release pressings of matrices made in the UK.<ref name=Brooks_Early_30s />

In December, 1931, the U.S. Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc. was acquired by the [[Majestic Radios#Grigsby-Grunow years (1927-1934)|Grigsby-Grunow Company]], the manufacturers of Majestic radios and refrigerators. When Grigsby-Grunow was declared bankrupt in November 1933, Columbia was placed in receivership, and in June 1934, the company was sold<ref name=blyn>{{cite news|title=Grigsby Radio Holdings Sold|newspaper=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|date=June 17, 1936|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63413337/brooklyn-daily-eagle-ap-6171936/|agency=[[Associated Press]]|page=24|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}{{open access}}</ref> to Sacro Enterprises Inc. ("Sacro") for $70,000. Sacro was incorporated a few days before the sale in New York. Public documents do not contain any names. Many suspect that it was a shell corporation set up by Consolidated Films Industries, Inc. ("CFI") to hold the Columbia stock, while its subsidiary, [[American Record Corporation]] ("ARC"), operated the label. This assumption grew out of the ease which CFI later exhibited in selling Columbia in 1938.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=Tim |date=2013-03-22 |title=360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story. Columbia Records: Pioneer in Recorded Sound: America's Oldest Record Company, 1886 to the Present |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=21514402&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA335188716&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=ARSC Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |department=Book Reviews |pages=133}}</ref>

On December 3, 1931, CFI made a deal with [[Warner Brothers Pictures|Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc.]] ("WB") to lease [[Brunswick Records|Brunswick Record Corporation]], which included the trademarks and masters of the Brunswick, [[Vocalion Records|Vocalion]], and [[Melotone Records (US)|Melotone]] labels to ARC. WB would receive a portion of the sales of its catalogues, while ARC was free to use the labels for new recordings. Brunswick immediately became the premium $.75 label, Melotone would release new hillbilly and other $.35 dime-store discounted discs, and Vocalion, while re-releasing prior ARC records, would also be the blues-R&B label, and the exclusive outlet for [[Bob Wills|Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys]], a phenomenal mid-1930s [[Western Swing]] band, which drew 10,000+ customers nightly to dance. Columbia was added in mid-1932, relegated to slower sellers such as the Hawaiian music of [[Andy Iona]], the [[Irving Mills]] stable of artists and songs, and the still unknown [[Benny Goodman]]. It tried a marketing ploy, the Columbia "Royal Blue Record", a brilliant blue laminated product with matching label. Royal Blue issues, made from late 1932 through 1935, are particularly popular with collectors for their rarity and musical interest. The Columbia plant in Oakland, California, did Columbia's pressings for sale west of the Rockies and continued using the Royal Blue material for these until about mid-1936.

As [[southern gospel]] developed, Columbia had astutely sought to record the artists associated with the emerging genre; for example, Columbia was the only company to record [[Charles Davis Tillman]]. Most fortuitously for Columbia in its Depression Era financial woes, in 1936 the company entered into an exclusive recording contract with the [[Chuck Wagon Gang]], a hugely successful relationship which continued into the 1970s. A signature group of southern gospel, the Chuck Wagon Gang became Columbia's bestsellers with at least 37&nbsp;million records,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcenter.org/Home/News/Concerts/ChuckWagonGang.asp |title=Solid Gospel series brings Chuck Wagon Gang to Renaissance Center. |access-date=November 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810135439/http://www.rcenter.org/Home/News/Concerts/ChuckWagonGang.asp |archive-date=August 10, 2012}}</ref> many of them through the aegis of the ''Mull Singing Convention of the Air'' sponsored on radio (and later television) by southern gospel broadcaster [[J. Bazzel Mull]] (1914–2006).

In 1935, Herbert M. Greenspon, an 18-year-old shipping clerk, led a committee to organize the first trade union shop at the main manufacturing factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Elected as president of the Congress of Industrial Unions (CIO) local, Greenspon negotiated the first contract between factory workers and Columbia management. In a career with Columbia that lasted 30 years, Greenspon retired after achieving the position of executive vice president of the company. Columbia also hired talent scout, music writer, producer, and impresario John Hammond in 1937. Alongside his significance as a discoverer, promoter, and producer of jazz, blues, and folk artists during the [[swing music]] era, Hammond had already been of great help to Columbia in 1932–33. Through his involvement in the UK music paper ''[[Melody Maker]]'', Hammond had arranged for the struggling US Columbia label to provide recordings for the UK Columbia label, mostly using the specially created Columbia W-265000 matrix series. Hammond recorded [[Fletcher Henderson]], [[Benny Carter]], [[Joe Venuti]], [[Roger Wolfe Kahn]] and other jazz performers during a time when the economy was bad enough that many of them would not have had the opportunity to enter a studio and play real jazz (a handful of these in this special series were issued in the US). Hammond's work for Columbia was interrupted by his service during [[World War II]], and he had less involvement with the music scene during the [[bebop]] era, but when he returned to work as a talent scout for Columbia in the 1950s, his career proved to be of incalculable historical and cultural importance – the list of superstar artists he would discover and sign to Columbia over the course of his career included [[Charlie Christian]], [[Count Basie]], [[Teddy Wilson]], [[Pete Seeger]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Aretha Franklin]], [[Bruce Springsteen]] and [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]], and in the early 1960s Hammond would also exert an enormous cultural effect on the emerging rock music scene thanks to his championing of reissue LPs of the music of blues artists [[Robert Johnson]] and [[Bessie Smith]].

By 1937–38, the record business was finally recovering from the near-death blow of the Great Depression, at least for RCA Victor and Decca, but privately, there were doubts about ARC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilentz |first=Sean |title=360 Sound the Columbia Records Story |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2012 |isbn=9781452107561 |location=New York |pages=90–95}}</ref> In a 1941 court case brought by unhappy shareholders of [[Columbia Broadcasting System|Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.]] ("CBS"), Edward Wallerstein, an executive with RCA 1932 thru 1938, was asked to comment on ARC. "The chief value was that the record industry had come back tremendously, especially in the case of two other record companies; and the American Record Company, with all its facilities, had not, so far as I could learn, increased its business in any degree at all in the previous six years."<ref name=NYSC/>

=== CBS takes over (1938–1947) ===
[[File:notesandmike.jpg|thumb|Columbia notes and mic logo]]
On December 17, 1938, ARC, including the Columbia label in the U.S., was acquired by [[William S. Paley]] of the Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. for US$700,000,.<ref name=NYSC>{{Cite book |last=Appeals |first=New York (State) Court of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDYJG843cN0C&dq=New+York+corporate+filings+Columbia+Phonograph&pg=PA1330 |title=New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs. |date=1941}}</ref><ref name=saleclosed>{{Cite news |date=December 21, 1938 |title=Frank Walker |pages=24 |work=Variety |url=https://archive.org/details/variety132-1938-12/page/n3/mode/2up?q=Denies+Joining+CBS+Subsidiary |access-date=June 18, 2022}}</ref> ten times the price ARC paid in 1934, which would spark lawsuits later by disgruntled shareholders. (Columbia Records had originally co-founded CBS in 1927 along with New York talent agent [[Arthur Judson]], but soon cashed out of the partnership leaving only the name; Paley acquired the fledgling radio network in 1928.) On January 3, 1939, Wallerstein left Victor to become president of the CBS  phonograph subsidiary, a position he would hold for twelve years. CBS kept the ARC name for three months. then on April 4, it amended the New York Department of State record of "Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc.," naming several of its own employees to directorships, and announced in a press release, "The American Record Co. tag is discarded". Columbia Records was actually reborn on May 22, 1939, as "Columbia Recording Corporation, Inc.", a Delaware corporation.<ref name=StoryColumbia/> The NYDOS shows a later incorporation date of April 4, 1947. This corporation changed its name to Columbia Records, Inc. on October 11, 1954, and reverted to Columbia Recording Corporation on January 2, 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Inquiry |url=https://apps.dos.ny.gov/publicInquiry/#search |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=apps.dos.ny.gov}}</ref> The Columbia trademark remained under Columbia Records, Inc. of Delaware, filed back in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Division of Corporations – Filing |url=https://icis.corp.delaware.gov/eCorp/EntitySearch/NameSearch.aspx |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=icis.corp.delaware.gov}}</ref> Brothers Ike and Leon Levy owned stakes in CBS.<ref>[https://worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/CBS-Reflections-in-a-Bloodshot-Eye-Metz-1975.pdf CBS reflections in a Bloodshot Eye Metz] World Radio History</ref>

In February 1939, NYC Studios moved from ARC headquarters at 1776 Broadway, to [[A & R Recording#Second studio, Studios A-1 and A-2 — 799 7th Avenue|799 7th Avenue, 6th&7th flrs, New York City]] ("Studio A"). Corporate offices, studio and Pressing Plant would also continue at 1473 Barnum Avenue, Bridgeport, CT. John Hammond was hired by Wallerstein as "Associate Director Popular Recording" (at 7th Ave). Another executive from ARC, [[Art Satherley]], was not expected to transition over as easily. "It is understood that CBS and the Levys are not interested in retaining American Record's hillbilly department, and that Art Satherly, who has been running this section for many years, will take it out of the company with him". Fortunately, to the delight of many, this did not happen, and Art went on to many more successful years supervising all aspects of Columbia's [[Country music|Hillbilly/Country]] artists and sessions.

On August 30, 1939, Columbia replaced its $.75 Brunswick record for a $.50 Columbia label.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 1939 |title=Columbia drops its Brunswick label |pages=241 |work=Variety |url=https://archive.org/details/variety135-1939-08/page/n241/mode/2up?q=Brunswick |access-date=June 18, 2022}}</ref> Brunswick was gradually phased out, the final issue  being Brunswick 8520, in April 1940. Wallerstein and Paley knew in advance that their course of action would lead to violation of the 1931 Brunswick lease agreement, so they discontinued Vocalion in June 1940, and fired up Okeh. By July, it was releasing new Hillbilly platters by [[Gene Autry]] and Bob Wills, and re-issuing past Vocalion discs, using the same catalogue numbers with a leading zero added.  When a January 1941 audit found that not more than 150,000 Brunswick records had sold during the period from December 1, 1939, through December 31, 1940, control of the loaned trademarks and catalog of master recordings made prior to December 3, 1931, reverted to Warner Bros. Pictures.

The Columbia trademark from this point until the late 1950s was two overlapping circles with the Magic Notes in the left circle and a CBS microphone in the right circle. The Royal Blue labels now disappeared in favor of a deep red, which caused [[RCA Victor]] to claim infringement on its [[RCA Red Seal Records|Red Seal]] trademark (RCA lost the case). The blue Columbia label was kept for its [[European classical music|classical music]] [[Columbia Masterworks Records]] line until it was later changed to a green label before switching to a gray label in the late 1950s, and then to the bronze that is familiar to owners of its classical and Broadway albums. Columbia Phonograph Company of Canada did not survive the [[Great Depression]], so CBS made a distribution deal with [[Sparton Records]] in 1939 to release Columbia records in Canada under the Columbia name.

During the 1940s, Columbia had a contract with [[Frank Sinatra]]. Sinatra helped boost Columbia in revenue. Sinatra recorded over 200 songs with Columbia which include his most popular songs from his early years. Other popular artists on Columbia included [[Benny Goodman]] (signed from Victor 1939 by Hammond), [[Count Basie]], [[Jimmie Lunceford]] (both signed from Decca), [[Eddy Duchin]], [[Ray Noble]] (both moved to Columbia from Brunswick), [[Kate Smith]], [[Mildred Bailey]], and [[Will Bradley]].

In 1947, the company was renamed Columbia Records Inc.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2002655160/ | title=Columbia Records paperwork collection| website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> and founded its Mexican record company, Discos Columbia de Mexico.<ref>{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=March 16, 1963|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=60|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> 1948 saw the first classical LP [[Mendelssohn Violin Concerto (Nathan Milstein album)|Nathan Milstein's recording of the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto]]. Columbia's 33 rpm format quickly spelled the death of the classical 78 rpm record and for the first time in nearly fifty years, gave Columbia a commanding lead over [[RCA Victor Red Seal]].<ref>D. Kern Holoman ''The Orchestra: A Very Short Introduction'' 2012 Page 107 "The first classical LP was the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto with Nathan Milstein, Bruno Walter, and the New York Philharmonic-Symphony, Columbia ML-4001. RCA capitulated in 1950, leaving 45s as the medium of choice for pop singles."</ref><ref>John F. Morton ''Backstory in Blue: Ellington at Newport '56'' 2008 Page 49  "1947.. The following year Columbia made what it regarded as record history, introducing the first twelve-inch LP, Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, with violinist Nathan Milstein and the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, Bruno Walter ... Within a year and a half of the introduction of the LP, Columbia had sold twice as many Masterworks as RCA was selling of Red Seal. RCA had begun to lose some its artists. Some, like opera tenor (''sic''), Ezio Pinza, would go to Columbia..."</ref>

=== The LP record (1948–1959) ===
Columbia's president Edward Wallerstein was instrumental in steering Paley towards the ARC purchase. He set his talents to his goal of hearing an entire movement of a symphony on one side of an album. Ward Botsford writing for the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Issue of ''High Fidelity Magazine'' relates: "He was no inventor—he was simply a man who seized an idea whose time was ripe and begged, ordered, and cajoled a thousand men into bringing into being the now accepted medium of the record business." Despite Wallerstein's stormy tenure, in June 1948, Columbia introduced the Long Playing "microgroove" [[LP record]] format (sometimes written "Lp" in early advertisements), which rotated at 33⅓ [[revolutions per minute]], to be the standard for the gramophone record for forty years. CBS research director Dr. [[Peter Carl Goldmark|Peter Goldmark]] played a managerial role in the collaborative effort, but Wallerstein credits engineer [[William Savory]] with the technical prowess that brought the long-playing disc to the public.<ref name="catalog1949">{{cite book|title=Columbia Record Catalog 1949|publisher=Columbia Records Inc.|pages=1–20}}</ref>

By the early 1940s, Columbia had been experimenting with higher fidelity recordings, as well as longer masters, which paved the way for the successful release of the LPs in 1948. One such record that helped set a new standard for music listeners was the 10" LP reissue of ''[[The Voice of Frank Sinatra]]'', originally released on March 4, 1946, as an album of four 78 rpm records, which was the first pop album issued in the new LP format. [[Sinatra]] was arguably Columbia's hottest commodity and his artistic vision combined with the direction Columbia were taking the medium of music, both popular and classic, were well suited. ''The Voice of Frank Sinatra'' was also considered to be the first genuine ''[[concept album]]''. Since the term "LP" has come to refer to the 12-inch {{frac|33|1|3}} rpm vinyl disk, the first LP is the Mendelssohn Violin Concerto in E minor played by Nathan Milstein with Bruno Walter conducting the New York Philharmonic (then called the Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra of New York), Columbia ML 4001, found in the Columbia Record Catalog for 1949, published in July 1948. The other "LP's" listed in the catalog were in the 10 inch format starting with ML 2001 for the light classics, CL 6001 for popular songs and JL 8001 for children's records.<ref name="catalog1949"/> The [[Library of Congress]] in Washington DC now holds the Columbia Records Paperwork Archive which shows the Label order for ML 4001 being written on March 1, 1948. One can infer that Columbia was pressing the first LPs for distribution to their dealers for at least 3 months prior to the introduction of the LP on [[June 21]],<ref name="LoC">[https://blogs.loc.gov/now-see-hear/2019/04/inside-the-archival-box-the-first-long-playing-disc/ ''The First Long-Playing Disc''] Library of Congress (Congress.gov) (accessdate 21 June 2021)</ref> [[1948 in music|1948]].<ref>Library of Congress Columbia Records Paperwork Box 121</ref> The catalog numbering system has had minor changes ever since.

Columbia's LPs were particularly well-suited to classical music's longer pieces, so some of the early albums featured such artists as [[Eugene Ormandy]] and the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], [[Bruno Walter]] and the [[New York Philharmonic Orchestra]], and [[Sir Thomas Beecham]] and the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]. The success of these recordings persuaded [[Capitol Records]] to begin releasing LPs in 1949. Even before the LP record was officially demonstrated, Columbia offered to share the new speed with rival RCA Victor, who initially rejected it and soon introduced their new competitive 45 RPM record. When it became clear that the LP was the preferred format for classical recordings, RCA Victor announced that the company would begin releasing its own LPs in January 1950. This was quickly followed by the other major American labels. [[Decca Records]] in the U.K. was the first to release LPs in Europe, beginning in 1949. EMI would not fully adopt the LP format until 1955.

An "original cast recording" of [[Rodgers & Hammerstein]]'s ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'' with [[Ezio Pinza]] and [[Mary Martin]] was recorded in 1949. Both conventional metal masters and tape were used in the sessions in New York City. For some reason, the taped version was not used until Sony released it as part of a set of CDs devoted to Columbia's Broadway albums.<ref>Sony liner notes</ref>  Over the years, Columbia joined Decca and RCA Victor in specializing in albums devoted to Broadway musicals with members of the original casts. In the 1950s, Columbia also began releasing LPs drawn from the soundtracks of popular films.

Many album covers put together by Columbia and the other major labels were put together using one piece of cardboard (folded in half) and two paper "slicks", one for the front and one for the back. The front slick bent around the top, bottom, and left sides (the right side is open for the record to be inserted into the cover) and glued the two halves of cardboard together at the top and bottom. The back slick is pasted over the edges of the pasted-on front slick to make it appear that the album cover is one continuous piece.

Columbia discovered that printing two front cover slicks, one for mono and one for stereo, was inefficient and therefore needlessly costly. Starting in the summer of 1959 with some of the albums released in August, they went to the "paste-over" front slick, which had the stereo information printed on the top and the mono information printed on the bottom. For stereo issues, they moved the front slick down so the stereo information was showing at the top, and the mono information was bent around the bottom to the back and "pasted over" by the back slick. Conversely, for a mono album, they moved the slick up so the mono information showed at the bottom, and the stereo information was pasted over.

===1950s ===
[[File:ATeenageLoveAffair.JPG|thumb|Columbia used this label for its 45 r.p.m. records from 1951 until 1958.]]
[[File:Columbiatransitionallabel.jpg|thumb|Transitional 1955 promo 45 r.p.m. label showing both the old notes and mike and new walking eye logos]]
In 1951, Columbia US began issuing records in the 45 rpm format RCA Victor had introduced two years earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubby.net/worldofcubby/RCR/record_history.html |title=Record Collector's Resource: A History of Records |publisher=Cubby.net |date=February 26, 1917 |access-date=February 28, 2013}}</ref> The same year, Ted Wallerstein retired as Columbia Records chairman;<ref name="Inc.1970">{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=September 26, 1970|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=10|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> and Columbia US also severed its decades-long distribution arrangement with EMI and signed a distribution deal with [[Philips Records]] to market Columbia recordings outside North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/bbe12043 |title=Mitch Miller And His Orchestra And Chorus – Mitch Miller – Philips – UK |publisher=45cat |access-date=February 28, 2013}}</ref> EMI continued to distribute Okeh and later Epic label recordings until 1968. EMI also continued to distribute Columbia recordings in Australia and New Zealand. American Columbia was not happy with EMI's reluctance to introduce long playing records.<ref name="Broven2009">{{cite book|author=John Broven|title=Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers|url=https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov|url-access=registration|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=February 26, 2009|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-03290-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/22 22]}}</ref>

Columbia became the most successful non-rock record company in the 1950s after it lured producer and bandleader [[Mitch Miller]] away from the Mercury label in 1950. Despite its many successes, Columbia remained largely uninvolved in the teenage rock'n'roll market until the mid-1960s, despite a handful of crossover hits, largely because of Miller's frequently expressed loathing of rock'n'roll. (Miller was a classically trained oboist who had been a friend of Columbia executive Goddard Lieberson since their days at the [[Eastman School of Music]] in the 1930s.){{sfnp|Dannen|1991|p=62}} Miller quickly signed up Mercury's biggest artist at the time, [[Frankie Laine]], and discovered several of the decade's biggest recording stars including [[Tony Bennett]], [[Mahalia Jackson]], [[Jimmy Boyd]], [[Guy Mitchell]] (whose stage surname was taken from Miller's first name), [[Johnnie Ray]], [[The Four Lads]], [[Rosemary Clooney]], [[Kay Lande]], [[Ray Conniff]], [[Jerry Vale]] and [[Johnny Mathis]]. He also oversaw many of the early singles by the label's top female recording star of the decade, [[Doris Day]].

In 1953, Columbia formed a new subsidiary label [[Epic Records]].<ref name="Inc.1953">{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=September 19, 1953|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=16|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> 1954 saw Columbia end its distribution arrangement with Sparton Records and form Columbia Records of Canada.<ref name=ce>{{Cite web |url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sony-music-entertainment-inc-emc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203002802/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0003271|url-status=dead |title=Sony Music Entertainment Inc &#124; The Canadian Encyclopedia|archivedate=February 3, 2010|website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> To enhance its country music stable, which already included [[Marty Robbins]], [[Ray Price (musician)|Ray Price]] and [[Carl Smith (musician)|Carl Smith]], Columbia bid $15,000 for [[Elvis Presley]]'s contract from [[Sun Records]] in 1955.<ref name="Elvis">{{cite book|last=Worth|first=Fred|title=Elvis: His Life from A to Z|year=1992|publisher=Outlet|isbn=978-0-517-06634-8|page=38}}</ref> Presley's manager, [[Colonel Tom Parker]], turned down their offer and signed Presley with RCA Victor.<ref name="Elvis"/> However, Columbia did sign two Sun artists in 1958: [[Johnny Cash]] and [[Carl Perkins]].<ref name="Elvis"/>

With 1954, Columbia U.S. decisively broke with its past when it introduced its new, [[modernist]]-style "Walking Eye" logo,<ref>{{cite book|date=September 11, 1954|title=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xiEEAAAAMBAJ_2|access-date=July 21, 2013|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xiEEAAAAMBAJ_2/page/n44 45]|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> designed by Columbia's art director [[S. Neil Fujita]]. This logo actually depicts a stylus (the legs) on a record (the eye); however, the "eye" also subtly refers to CBS's main business in [[CBS Network|television]], and that division's iconic Eye logo. Columbia continued to use the "notes and mike" logo on record labels and even used a promo label showing both logos until the "notes and mike" was phased out (along with the 78 in the US) in 1958. In Canada, Columbia 78s were pressed with the "Walking Eye" logo in 1958. The original Walking Eye was tall and solid; it was modified in 1961<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSEEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22columbia+representative%22+%2B+billboard+%2B+1961&pg=PA16|title=columbia representative |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]  |date=August 14, 1961}}</ref> to the familiar one still used today (pictured on this page), despite the fact that the Walking Eye was used only sporadically during most of the 1990s.

Although the big band era had passed, Columbia had [[Duke Ellington]] under contract for several years, capturing the historic moment when Ellington's band provoked a post-midnight frenzy (followed by international headlines) at the 1956 [[Newport Jazz Festival]], which proved a boost to a bandleader whose career had stalled. Under new head producer [[George Avakian]], Columbia became the most vital label to the general public's appreciation and understanding (with help from Avakian's prolific and perceptive play-by-play liner notes) of jazz, releasing a series of LP's by [[Louis Armstrong]], but also signing to long-term contracts [[Dave Brubeck]] and [[Miles Davis]], the two modern jazz artists who would in 1959 record albums that remain—more than sixty years later—among the best-selling jazz albums by any label—viz., ''[[Time Out (album)|Time Out]]'' by the Brubeck Quartet and, to an even greater extent, ''[[Kind of Blue]]'' by the Davis Sextet, which, in 2003, appeared as number 12 in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'s'' list of the "500 Greatest Albums Of All Time".<ref>{{cite magazine| title=Kind of Blue| magazine=Rollingstone.com| date=February 9, 2003| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231/kind-of-blue-miles-davis-19691231| access-date=April 11, 2012| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 17, 2011| archive-url=https://archive.today/20110317190607/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-19691231/kind-of-blue-miles-davis-19691231}}</ref> With another producer, [[Teo Macero]], a skilled modernist composer himself, Columbia cemented contracts with jazz composer/musicians [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Charles Mingus]], while Macero became a significant figure in Miles Davis career from an explorer of the art of [[modal jazz]] from Davis' sextets 1958 album ''[[Milestones (Miles Davis album)|Milestones]]'' to innovator and avatar of the marriage of jazz with rock and electronic sounds—commonly known as [[jazz fusion]].

In 1954, Columbia embraced small-group modern jazz by signing of the Dave Brubeck Quartet, which resulted in the release of the on-location, best-selling jazz album (up to this time), ''[[Jazz Goes to College]]''. Contemporaneously with Columbia's first release of modern jazz by a small group, which was also the Brubeck Quartet's debut on the label, was a ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine cover story on the phenomenon of Brubeck's success on college campuses. The humble [[Dave Brubeck]] demurred, saying that the second ''Time'' cover story on a jazz musician (the first featured [[Louis Armstrong]]'s picture) had been earned by [[Duke Ellington]], not himself. Within two years Ellington's picture would appear on the cover of ''Time'', following his success at the 1956 Newport Jazz Festival. [[Ellington at Newport]], recorded on Columbia, was also the bandleader-composer-pianist's best-selling album. Moreover, this exclusive trinity of jazz giants featured on the cover of ''Time'' magazine were all Columbia artists. (In the early 1960s Columbia jazz artist [[Thelonious Monk]] would be afforded the same honor.)

Columbia changed distributors in Australia and New Zealand in 1956 when the Australian Record Company picked up distribution of U.S. Columbia product to replace the [[Capitol Records]] product which ARC lost when EMI bought Capitol. As EMI owned the Columbia trademark at that time, the U.S. Columbia material was issued in Australia and New Zealand on the [[Coronet Records|CBS Coronet]] label.

In the same year, former Columbia A&R manager [[Goddard Lieberson]] was promoted to President of the entire CBS recording division, which included Columbia and Epic, as well as the company's various international divisions and licensees. Under his leadership the corporation's music division soon overtook [[RCA Victor]] as the top recording company in the world, boasting a star-studded roster of artists and an unmatched catalogue of popular, jazz, classical and stage and screen soundtrack titles. Lieberson, who had joined Columbia as an A&R manager in 1938, was known for both his personal elegance and his dedication to quality, overseeing the release of many hugely successful albums and singles, as well as championing prestige releases that sold relatively poorly, and even some titles that had limited appeal, such as complete editions of the works of [[Arnold Schoenberg]] and [[Anton von Webern]]. One of his first major successes was the original Broadway cast album of ''[[My Fair Lady (Broadway cast recording)|My Fair Lady]]'', which sold over 5&nbsp;million copies worldwide in 1957, becoming the most successful LP ever released up to that time. Lieberson also convinced long-serving CBS President William S. Paley to become the sole backer of the original Broadway production, a $500,000 investment which subsequently earned the company some $32&nbsp;million in profits.{{sfnp|Dannen|1991|pp=60–61}}

In October 1958, Columbia, in time for the Christmas season, put out a series of "Greatest Hits" packages by such artists as Johnny Mathis, Doris Day, Guy Mitchell, Johnnie Ray, [[Jo Stafford]], Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Frankie Laine and [[the Four Lads]]; months later, it put out another Mathis compilation as well as that of [[Marty Robbins]]. Only Mathis' compilations charted, since there were only 25 positions on [[Billboard 200|''Billboard''{{'}}s album charts]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1200.html|title=Columbia Album Discography, Part 8 (CL 1200 to CL 1299) 1958-1959 |website=Both Sides Now Publications |first1=Randy |last1=Watts |first2=Mike |last2=Callahan |first3=David |last3=Edwards |first4=Patrice |last4=Eyries |date=October 24, 2015 |access-date=July 2, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819215009/http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1200.html |archive-date= Aug 19, 2018 }}</ref> However, the compilations were so successful that they led to Columbia doing such packages on a widespread basis, usually when an artist's career was in decline.

==== Stereo ====
Although Columbia began recording in stereo in 1956, stereo LPs did not begin to be manufactured until 1958. One of Columbia's first stereo releases was an abridged and re-structured performance of [[Handel]]'s ''[[Messiah (oratorio)|Messiah]]'' by the [[New York Philharmonic]] and the [[Westminster Choir]] conducted by [[Leonard Bernstein]] (recorded on December 31, 1956, on {{1/2}}-inch tape, using an Ampex 300-3 machine).<ref>This stereo LP Box Set (2 LPs) have released first as M2S-603 (MS 6038-9) in 1958.</ref> Bernstein combined the Nativity and Resurrection sections, and ended the performance with the death of Christ. As with RCA Victor, most of the early stereo recordings were of classical artists, including the New York Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by [[Bruno Walter]], [[Dimitri Mitropoulos]], and [[Leonard Bernstein]], and the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by [[Eugene Ormandy]], who also recorded an abridged ''Messiah'' for Columbia. Some sessions were made with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble drawn from leading New York musicians, which had first made recordings with Sir Thomas Beecham in 1949 in Columbia's New York City studios. [[George Szell]] and the [[Cleveland Orchestra]] recorded mostly for Epic. When Epic dropped classical music, the roster and catalogue was moved to [[Columbia Masterworks Records]].

Columbia released its first pop stereo albums in the summer of 1958. All of the first dozen or so were stereo versions of albums already available in mono. It was not until September 1958, that Columbia began simultaneous mono/stereo releases. Mono versions of otherwise stereo recordings were discontinued in 1968. To celebrate the 10th anniversary of the introduction of the LP, in 1958 Columbia initiated the "Adventures in Sound" series that showcased music from around the world.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Billboard|date=January 6, 1958|title=Columbia's 1958 Tee-Off Cues Big Product Campaign: Program Set to Tie in with LP Disk's 10th Anniversary Year|magazine=Billboard|page=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Designed for Hi-Fi Living : The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America|last=Borgerson|first=Janet|publisher=MIT Press|others=Schroeder, Jonathan E., 1962|year=2017|isbn=9780262036238|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=283–297|oclc=958205262}}</ref>

As far as the catalog numbering system went, there was no correlation between mono and stereo versions for the first few years. Columbia started a new CS 8000 series for pop stereo releases, and figuring the stereo releases as some sort of specialty niche records, didn't bother to link the mono and stereo numbers for two years. Masterworks classical LPs had an MS 6000 series, while showtunes albums on Masterworks were OS 2000. Finally, in 1960, the pop stereo series jumped from 8300 to 8310 to match ''Lambert, Hendricks & Ross Sing [[Duke Ellington|Ellington]]'', the [[Lambert, Hendricks & Ross]] album issued as CL-1510. From that point, the stereo numbers on pop albums were exactly 6800 higher than the mono; stereo classical albums were the mono number plus 600; and showtunes releases were the mono number MINUS 3600. Only the last two digits in the respective catalog series' matched.

Pop stereo LPs got into the high 9000s by 1970, when CBS Records revamped and unified its catalog numbering system across all its labels. Masterworks classical albums were in the 7000s, while showtunes stayed in the low 2000s.

Columbia's engineering department developed a process for emulating stereo from a mono source. They called this process "Electronically Rechanneled for Stereo". In the June 16, 1962, issue of ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine (page 5), Columbia announced it would issue "rechanneled" versions of greatest hits compilations that had been recorded in mono, including albums by Doris Day, Frankie Laine, Percy Faith, Mitch Miller, Marty Robbins, Dave Brubeck, Miles Davis, and Johnny Mathis.

=== The 1960s ===
==== Outing of "deep groove" ====
By the latter half of 1961, Columbia started using pressing plants with newer equipment. The "deep groove" pressings were made on older pressing machines, where the groove was an artifact of the metal stamper being affixed to a round center "block" to assure the resulting record would be centered. Newer machines used parts with a slightly different geometry, that only left a small "ledge" where the deep groove used to be. This changeover did not happen all at once, as different plants replaced machines at different times, leaving the possibility that both deep groove and ledge varieties could be original pressings. The changeover took place starting in late 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1600.html |first1=Randy |last1=Watts |first2=Mike |last2=Callahan |first3=David |last3=Edwards |first4=Patrice |last4=Eyries |date=October 28, 2015 |title=Columbia Album Discography, Part 12 (CL 1600-1699/CS 8400–8499) 1961–1962|website=Both Sides Now Publications|access-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref>

==== CBS Records ====
[[File:CBSRecords.png|thumb|The CBS Records logo used outside of the United States]]
In 1961, CBS ended its arrangement with Philips Records and formed its own international organization, [[CBS Records International]], in 1962. This subsidiary label released Columbia recordings outside the US and Canada on the CBS label (until 1964 marketed by Philips in Britain).<ref name="Inc.1963">{{cite book |title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eQsEAAAAMBAJ|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=March 16, 1963|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_eQsEAAAAMBAJ/page/n37 40]|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> The recordings could not be released under the Columbia Records name because EMI operated a separate record label by that name, [[Columbia Graphophone Company]], outside North America. This was the result of legal maneuvers which led to the creation of EMI in the early 1930s.

While this happened, starting in late 1961, both the mono and the stereo labels of domestic Columbia releases started carrying a small "CBS" at the top of the label. This was not something that changed at a certain date, but rather, pressing plants were told to use up the stock of old (pre-CBS) labels first, resulting in a mixture of labels for some given releases. Some are known with the CBS text on mono albums, and not on stereo of the same album, and vice versa; diggings brought up pressings with the CBS text on one side and not on the other. Many, but certainly not all, of the early numbers with the "ledge" variation (i.e., no deep groove), had the small "CBS".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1700.html |first1=Randy |last1=Watts |first2=Mike |last2=Callahan |first3=David |last3=Edwards |first4=Patrice |last4=Eyries |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Columbia Album Discography, Part 13 (CL 1700-1799/CS 8500–8598) 1961–1962|website=Both Sides Now Publications|access-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref> This text would be used on the Columbia labels until June 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia1800.html |date=October 30, 2015 |first1=Randy |last1=Watts |first2=Mike |last2=Callahan |first3=David |last3=Edwards |first4=Patrice |last4=Eyries |title=Columbia Album Discography, Part 14 (CL 1800-1899/CS 8600–8699) 1960–1961 |website=Both Sides Now Publications|access-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref>

Columbia's Mexican unit, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS.<ref name="Inc.1963"/>

With the formation of CBS Records International, CBS started establishing its own distribution in the early 1960s, beginning in Australia. In 1960 CBS took over its distributor in Australia and New Zealand, the [[Australian Record Company]] (founded in 1936) including [[Coronet Records]], one of the leading Australian independent recording and distribution companies of the day. The CBS Coronet label was replaced by the CBS label with the 'walking eye' logo in 1963. ARC continued trading under that name until the late 1970s when it formally changed its business name to CBS Australia.

==== Mitch Miller on television ====
In 1961, Columbia's music repertoire was given an enormous boost when [[Mitch Miller]], its A&R manager and bandleader, became the host of the variety series ''[[Sing Along with Mitch]]'' on NBC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128957153 |date=August 3, 2010 |title=Remembering Singing Along With Mitch Miller|work=Talk of the Nation |first1=Jim |last1=Bessman |first2=Tony |last2=Cox |first3=Mitch |last3=Miller |publisher=NPR |access-date=December 26, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130426/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128957153|archive-date=December 26, 2017 }}</ref> The show was based on Miller's 'folksy' but appealing 'chorus' style performance of popular standards. During its four-season run, the series promoted Miller's "Singalong" albums, which sold over 20&nbsp;million units, and received a 34% audience share when it was cancelled in 1964.{{sfnp|Dannen|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}}

==== Bob Dylan ====
In September 1961, CBS A&R manager [[John Hammond (producer)|John Hammond]] was producing the first Columbia album by folk singer [[Carolyn Hester]], who invited a friend to accompany her on one of the recording sessions. It was here that Hammond first met [[Bob Dylan]], whom he signed to the label, initially as a harmonica player.<ref name="bsn17">{{cite web | last1 = Watts | first1 = Randy | last2 = Callahan|first2=Mike|last3=Edwards|first3=David|last4=Eyries|first4=Patrice|title=Columbia Album Discography, Part 17 (CL 2100-2199/CS 8900–8999) 1963–1964|url=http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia2100.html |date=November 2, 2015 | website=Both Sides Now Publications |access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> Dylan's self-titled debut album was released in March 1962 and sold only moderately.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/20-things-you-might-not-know-about-bob-dylans-debut-album-764154|title=20 Things You Might Not Know About Bob Dylan's Debut Album – NME|date=March 19, 2013|work=NME|access-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Some executives in Columbia dubbed Dylan "Hammond's folly" and suggest that Dylan be dropped from the label.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/50-years-ago-today-bob-dylan-released-his-debut-album-20120319|title=50 Years Ago Today: Bob Dylan Released His Debut Album|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref> But John Hammond and Johnny Cash defended Dylan, who over the next four years became one of Columbia's highest earning acts.

Over the course of the 1960s, Dylan achieved a prominent position in Columbia. His early folk songs were recorded by many acts and became hits for [[Peter, Paul & Mary]] and [[The Turtles]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/6201418/Peter-Paul-and-Mary-Top-songs-of-all-time.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/celebritynews/6201418/Peter-Paul-and-Mary-Top-songs-of-all-time.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Peter, Paul and Mary: Top songs of all time|last=Willis|first=Amy|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=September 17, 2009|access-date=December 26, 2017|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Some of these cover versions became the foundation of the [[folk rock]] genre. The Byrds achieved their pop breakthrough with a version of Dylan's "[[Mr. Tambourine Man]]". In 1965, Dylan's controversial decision to [[Electric Dylan controversy|'go electric']] and work with rock musicians divided his audience but catapulted him to greater commercial success with his 1965 hit single "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]". Following his withdrawal from touring in 1966, Dylan recorded a large group of songs with his backing group [[The Band]] which reached other artists as 'demo recordings'. These resulted in hits by [[Manfred Mann]] ("[[Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)|The Mighty Quinn]]") and [[Brian Auger]], [[Julie Driscoll]] & Trinity ("[[This Wheel's On Fire]]"). Dylan's late 1960s albums ''[[John Wesley Harding]]'' and ''[[Nashville Skyline]]'' became cornerstone recordings of the emergent [[country rock]] genre and influenced The Byrds and [[The Flying Burrito Brothers]].

==== Rock and roll ====
When the [[British Invasion]] arrived in January 1964, Columbia had no rock musicians on its roster except for [[Dion DiMucci|Dion]], who was signed in 1963 as the label's first major rock star, and [[Paul Revere & the Raiders]] who were also signed in 1963. The label released a [[merseybeat]] album, ''The Exciting New Liverpool Sound'' (Columbia CL-2172, issued in mono only). [[Terry Melcher]], son of Doris Day, produced the hard driving "[[Don't Make My Baby Blue]]" for Frankie Laine, who had gone six years without a hit record. The song reached No. 51 on the pop chart and No. 17 on the easy listening chart.<ref name="bsn17"/>

Melcher and [[Bruce Johnston]] discovered and brought to Columbia [[the Rip Chords]], a vocal group consisting of Ernie Bringas and Phil Stewart, and turned it into a rock group through production techniques. The group had hits in "Here I Stand", a remake of the song by [[Wade Flemons]], and "[[Hey Little Cobra]]".<ref name="bsn17"/> Columbia saw the two recordings as a start to getting into rock and roll. Melcher and Johnston recorded several additional singles for Columbia in 1964 as "[[Bruce & Terry]]" and later as "The Rogues". Melcher produced early albums by [[the Byrds]] and Paul Revere & the Raiders for Columbia while Johnston produced [[the Beach Boys]] for [[Capitol Records]].

==== Ascension of Clive Davis ====
When Mitch Miller retired in 1965,<ref name="Inc.1965">{{cite book|title=Billboard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3|access-date=July 21, 2013|date=December 11, 1965|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=3|issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Columbia was at a turning point. Miller's disdain for rock and roll and pop rock had dominated Columbia's A&R policy. Sales of Broadway soundtracks and Mitch Miller's singalong series were waning. Pretax earnings had flattened to about $5&nbsp;million annually.{{sfnp|Dannen|1991|p={{page needed|date=July 2022}}}} The label's only significant "pop" acts at the time were Bob Dylan, the Byrds, Paul Revere & the Raiders and [[Simon & Garfunkel]]. In its catalogue were other genres: classical, jazz and country, along with a select group of R&B artists, among them [[Aretha Franklin]].<ref name="bsn17" /> Most historians observed that Columbia had problems marketing Franklin as a major talent in the R&B genre, which led to her leaving the label for [[Atlantic Records]] in 1967.<ref>{{Gilliland|https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19834/m1|Show 52 – The Soul Reformation: Phase three, soul music at the summit. [Part 8&#93; : UNT Digital Library}}</ref><ref name="AR story">{{cite web|last1=Edwards|first1=David|last2=Callahan|first2=Mike|title=Atlantic Records Story|url=http://www.bsnpubs.com/atlantic/atlanticstory.html|website=www.bsnpubs.com|access-date=August 23, 2011}}</ref>

In 1967, Brooklyn-born lawyer [[Clive Davis]] became president of Columbia. Following the appointment of Davis, the Columbia label became more of a rock music label, thanks mainly to Davis's fortuitous decision to attend the [[Monterey International Pop Festival]], where he spotted and signed several leading acts including [[Janis Joplin]]. Joplin led the way for several generations of female rock and rollers. However, Columbia/CBS still had a hand in traditional pop and jazz and one of its key acquisitions during this period was [[Barbra Streisand]]. She released her first solo album on Columbia in 1963 and remains with the label to this day. Additionally, the label kept Miles Davis on the roster, and his late 1960s recordings, ''[[In a Silent Way]]'' and ''[[Bitches Brew]]'', pioneered a [[Jazz fusion|fusion of jazz and rock music]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.allmusic.com/album/bitches-brew-r106167/review| title = Bitches Brew| author = Jurek, Thom| access-date = April 11, 2012| publisher = AllMusic}}</ref>

A San Francisco group called [[Moby Grape]] had been gaining popularity on the West Coast, and were signed by Davis in 1967. As a way of introducing them to the world with a splash, they released [[Moby Grape (album)|their debut album]], along with five singles from the album, all on the same day, June 6, 1967, 23 years following [[D-Day]]. The album hit made No. 24 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], but the singles barely made a dent in the charts, the best performer being "Omaha", which lasted a mere three weeks on the Hot 100 reaching only No. 88. The other charter, "Hey Grandma", only reached the Bubbling Under chart and faded within a week. Also, there were some complaints about the obscene gesture made to the American flag on the front cover that had to be edited out on the second pressing, not to mention that the group started to decline in sales after that. The return on all the promotional budget for the singles realized nothing. Although the group made two more albums, this particular publicity stunt was never again attempted by Columbia or any other major label.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==== Simon & Garfunkel ====
Arguably the most commercially successful Columbia pop act of this period, other than Bob Dylan, was Simon & Garfunkel. The duo scored a surprise No. 1 hit in 1965 when Columbia producer [[Tom Wilson (producer)|Tom Wilson]], inspired by the folk-rock experiments of Dylan, The Byrds and others, added drums and bass to the duo's earlier recording of "[[The Sound of Silence]]" without their knowledge or approval. Indeed, the duo had already broken up some months earlier, discouraged by the poor sales of their debut LP, and [[Paul Simon]] had relocated to the UK, where he only found out about the single being a hit via the music press. The dramatic success of the song prompted Simon to return to the US; the duo reformed, and they soon became one of the flagship acts of the [[folk-rock]] boom of the mid-1960s. Their next album, ''[[Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme]]'', went to No. 4 on the ''Billboard'' album chart. The duo subsequently had a Top 20 single, "[[A Hazy Shade of Winter]]", but progress slowed during 1966–67 as Simon struggled with writer's block and the demands of constant touring. They shot back to the top in 1968 after Simon agreed to write songs for the [[Mike Nichols]] film ''[[The Graduate]]''. The resulting single, "[[Mrs. Robinson]]", became a smash hit. Both ''The Graduate'' soundtrack and Simon & Garfunkel's next studio album, ''[[Bookends (album)|Bookends]]'', were major hits on the album chart, with combined total sales in excess of five million copies. Simon and Garfunkel's fifth and final studio album, ''[[Bridge over Troubled Water]]'' (1970), reached number one in the US album charts in January 1970 and became one of the most successful albums of all time.<ref name="bridge">{{cite web|last1=Eder|first1=Bruce|title=Bridge Over Troubled Water|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/bridge-over-troubled-water-mw0000191730|website=AllMusic|access-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref>

==== Hoyt Axton and Tom Rush ====
Davis lured artists [[Hoyt Axton]] and [[Tom Rush]] to Columbia in 1969, and both were given what was known as "the pop treatment" by the label. Hoyt Axton had been a folk/blues singer-songwriter since the early 1960s, when he made several albums for [[Horizon Records|Horizon]], then [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]]. By the time he joined Columbia, he had mixed successful pop songs like "[[Greenback Dollar]]", with hard rock songs for [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]], such as "[[The Pusher]]", which was used in the film ''[[Easy Rider]]'' in the same year. When he landed at Columbia, his album ''My Griffin Is Gone'' was described as "the poster child for 'overproduced,' full of all kinds of instruments and even strings".<ref name="bsn27">{{cite web|last1=Watts|first1=Randy|last2=Callahan|first2=Mike|last3=Edwards|first3=David|last4=Eyries|first4=Patrice|title=Columbia Album Discography, Part 27 (K)CS 9900–9999 (1969–1970)|url=http://bsnpubs.com/columbia/columbia12/columbia3100.html |date=November 10, 2015 |website=Both Sides Now Publications|access-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref> After that album, Axton left and joined Capitol Records, where his next albums contained "[[Joy to the World (Three Dog Night song)|Joy to the World]]" and "[[Never Been to Spain]]", which became hits for [[Three Dog Night]] on [[Dunhill Records|Dunhill]]. Axton eventually became a country singer, and founded his own record label, Jeremiah.

Tom Rush had always been the "storyteller" or "balladeer" type of folk artist, before and after his stint with Columbia, to which Rush was lured from [[Elektra Records|Elektra]]. As with Axton, Rush was given "the treatment" on [[Tom Rush (1970 album)|his self-titled Columbia debut]]. The multitude of instruments added to his usual solo guitar were all done "tastefully", of course, but was not really on par with Rush's audience expectations. He commented to record label historian Mike Callahan: {{cquote|Well, when you're in the studio, they bring out all these "sweeteners" and things they have, and while you're there, you say, yeah, that sounds good. But then you get the album home and you almost can't hear yourself under all that.<ref name="bsn27" />}} Eventually, Rush returned to his usual sound (which he applied to his [[Wrong End of the Rainbow|next]] [[Merrimack County (album)|three]] [[Ladies Love Outlaws (Tom Rush album)|albums]] for Columbia) and has been playing to appreciative audiences ever since.

=== The 1970s ===
==== Catalog numbers ====
The Columbia album series began in 1951 with album GL-500 (CL-500) and reached an awkward milestone in 1970, when the stereo numbering sequence reached CS-9999, assigned to the [[Patti Page]] album ''Honey Come Back''. This presented a catalog numbering system challenge as Columbia had used a four-digit catalog number for 13 years, and CS-10000 seemed cumbersome. Columbia decided to start issuing albums at CS-1000 instead, preserving the four-digit catalog number. However, this resulted in the reuse of numbers previously used in 1957–58, although the prefix was now different. In July 1970, the cataloging department implemented a new system, combining all their labels into a unified catalog numbering system starting with 30000, with the prefix letter indicating the label: C for Columbia, E for [[Epic Records|Epic]], H for Harmony (budget reissue line), M for [[Columbia Masterworks]], S for movie soundtrack and original Broadway cast albums, Y for [[Odyssey Records|Columbia Odyssey]], and Z for every other label that CBS distributed (collectively referred to as CBS Associated). The prefix letter G was also used for two album sets—or the number of records in the set after the label letter, such as KC2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globaldogproductions.net/c/cbs-lps-us.html |title=CBS LPs – US unified numbering system |website=Global Dog Productions |access-date=July 2, 2018}}</ref> The first CBS album released under the new system was [[Elvin Bishop|The Elvin Bishop Group]]'s self-titled album on Fillmore Records, assigned with F 30001 (the earliest Fillmore albums had the 'F' prefix, rather than a 'Z'), while the first actual Columbia release under the system was [[Herschel Bernardi]]'s ''Show Stopper'', assigned with C 30004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globaldogproductions.net/c/cbs-us-30000-30499.html |title=LP Discography for CBS Records US combined numbering system 30000-30499 |website=Global Dog Productions |access-date=May 5, 2019}}</ref> The highest catalog number released in the old system was CS-1069, assigned to ''[[Sesame Street discography|The Sesame Street Book and Record]]''. Chronologically, Columbia issued at least one album in this series in August, but by that time, the CBS Consolidated 30000 series, which started issuing albums in July with the new label design, was well underway, having issued nearly 100 albums. The system was later expanded with even more prefix letters (including R and V for [[Portrait Records|Portrait]], A and W for Special Products, L for [[Sony Wonder]], S for [[Sony Classical Records|Sony Classical]], N for [[Monument Records|Monument]], O for Chaos Recordings, and B for [[550 Music]]), which continued until 2005.

In September 1970, under the guidance of [[Clive Davis]], Columbia Records entered the West Coast rock market, opening a state-of-the art recording studio (which was located at 827 Folsom St. in San Francisco and later morphed into the [[Automatt]]) and establishing an A&R head and office in San Francisco at [[Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco|Fisherman's Wharf]], headed by [[George Daly (Music Industry)|George Daly]], a producer and artist for [[Monument Records]] (who inked a distribution deal with Columbia at the time) and a former bandmate of [[Nils Lofgren]] and [[Roy Buchanan]]. The recording studio operated under CBS until 1978.<ref>{{cite book |title=If These Halls Could Talk: A Historical Tour Through San Francisco Recording Studios |url=https://archive.org/details/ifthesehallscoul00heat |url-access=registration |last=Johnson |first=Heather |publisher=Thomson Course Technology |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ifthesehallscoul00heat/page/n104 90]–94 |isbn=1-59863-141-1}}</ref>

==== Quadraphonic Sound ====
During 1971 Columbia began producing records in four-channel [[quadraphonic sound]], using the "[[Stereo Quadraphonic|SQ Quadraphonic]]" [[Matrix decoder|matrix decoding]] system. These recordings were backward compatible on conventional two-channel stereo playback systems, but played four-channels of [[surround sound]] when heard with special amplifiers and additional speakers. Artists using this technology covered all genres, including classical music [[Leonard Bernstein]] and [[Pierre Boulez]], plus popular artists such as [[Electric Light Orchestra]], [[Billy Joel]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Johnny Cash]], [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Ray Conniff]], [[Santana (band)|Santana]], [[Herbie Hancock]], and [[Blue Öyster Cult]]. RCA had already begun releasing quadraphonic recordings on [[8-track tape]] starting in 1970, and countered on LP record with the [[Compatible Discrete 4|Quadradisc]] system. The RCA process required a special [[magnetic cartridge|phono cartridge]] for "discrete" four-channel playback unlike the Columbia "matrix" system. Although the Columbia process was simpler and quite effective, many consumers were confused by competing systems and sales of both were disappointing. Columbia released its last quadraphonic recordings in 1978. Starting in the 1990s multichannel surround sound music surged again with the popularity of [[home cinema]] systems. Many quadraphonic recordings were reissued in new surround sound formats such as [[Dolby Digital]], [[DTS (company)|DTS]], [[Super Audio CD]] and [[Blu-ray]], however, multichannel music still did not reach mass-market acceptance.

==== Yetnikoff becomes president ====
In 1975, Walter Yetnikoff was promoted to become President of Columbia Records, and his vacated position as President of CBS Records International was filled by Dick Asher. At this point, according to music historian Frederic Dannen, the shy and introverted Yetnikoff began to transform his personality, becoming (in Asher's words) "wild, menacing, crude, and above all, very loud". In Dannen's view, Yetnikoff was probably over-compensating for his naturally sensitive and generous personality, and that he had little hope of being recognised as a "record man" (someone with a musical ear and an intuitive understanding of current trends and artists' intentions) because he was tone-deaf, so he instead determined to become a "colourful character".{{sfnp|Dannen|1991|p=19}} Yetnikoff soon became notorious for his violent temper and regular tantrums: "He shattered glassware, spewed a mixture of Yiddish and barnyard epithets, and had people physically ejected from the CBS building."{{sfnp|Dannen|1991|p=21}}

In 1976, Columbia Records of Canada was renamed CBS Records Canada Ltd.<ref name=ce /> The Columbia label continued to be used by CBS Canada, but the CBS label was introduced for [[French language|French-language]] recordings. On May 5, 1979, Columbia Masterworks began [[digital recording]] in a recording session of [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]]'s ''[[Petrouchka]]'' by the [[New York Philharmonic Orchestra]], conducted by [[Zubin Mehta]], in New York (using [[3M]]'s 32-channel multitrack digital recorder).

==== Dick Asher vs "The Network" ====
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2017}}
CBS Records had a popular roster of musicians. It distributed [[Philadelphia International Records]], [[Blue Sky Records]], the [[Isley Brothers]]' [[T-Neck Records]] and [[Monument Records]] (from 1971 to 1976). But the music industry was in financial decline. Total sales fell by 11%, the biggest drop since World War II. In 1979, CBS had a pre-tax income of $51&nbsp;million and sales of over $1&nbsp;billion. The label laid off hundreds of employees.

To deal with the crisis, CEO [[John Backe]] promoted [[Dick Asher]] from Vice President of Business Affairs to Deputy President. Charged with cutting costs and restoring profits, Asher was reportedly reluctant to take on the role. He was worried that Yetnikoff would resent his promotion. But Backe had confidence in Asher's experience. In 1972, Asher had turned the British division of CBS from loss to profit. Backe considered him to be honest and trustworthy, and he appealed to Asher's loyalty to the company. Employees at CBS thought Asher was a bore and an interloper. He cut back on expenses and on perks like limousines and restaurants. His relationship with Yetnikoff deteriorated.

Asher became increasingly concerned about the huge and rapidly growing cost of hiring independent agents, who were paid to promote new singles to radio station program directors. "Indies" had been used by record labels for many years to promote new releases, but as he methodically delved into CBS Records' expenses, Asher was dismayed to discover that hiring these independent promoters was now costing CBS alone as much as $10&nbsp;million per year. When Asher took over CBS' UK division in 1972, a freelance promoter might only charge $100 per week, but by 1979 the top American independent promoters had organized themselves into a loose collective known as "The Network", and their fees were now running into the tens millions of dollars per year, Music historian [[Frederic Dannen]] estimates that by 1980 the major labels were paying anywhere from to $100,000 to $300,000 ''per song'' to the "Network" promoters, and that it was costing the industry as whole as much as $80&nbsp;million annually.

During this period, Columbia scored a Top 40 hit with the [[Pink Floyd]] single "[[Another Brick in the Wall]]", and its parent album ''[[The Wall]]'' would spend four months at No. 1 on the ''Billboard'' LP chart in early 1980, but few in the industry knew that Dick Asher was in fact using the single as a covert experiment to test the extent of the pernicious influence of The Network – by ''not'' paying them to promote the new Pink Floyd single. The results were immediate and deeply troubling – not one of the major radio stations in Los Angeles would program the record, despite the fact that the group was in town, performing the first seven concerts on their elaborate [[The Wall Tour (1980–81)|The Wall Tour]] at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena]] to rave reviews and sold-out crowds. Asher was already worried about the growing power of The Network, and the fact it operated entirely outside the control of the label, but he was profoundly dismayed to realize that "The Network" was in effect a huge [[extortion]] racket, and that the operation could well be linked to organized crime – a concern vehemently dismissed by Yetnikoff, who resolutely defended the "indies" and declared them to be "mensches". But Dick Asher now knew that The Network's real power lay in their ability to ''prevent'' records from being picked up by radio, and as an experienced media lawyer and a loyal CBS employee, he was also acutely aware that this could become a new [[payola]] scandal which had the potential to engulf the entire CBS corporation, and that the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) could even revoke CBS' all-important broadcast licenses if the corporation was found to be involved in any illegality.{{sfnp|Dannen|1991|pp=4–27}}

=== The 1980s and sale to Sony ===
The structure of US Columbia remained the same until 1980, when it spun off the classical/Broadway unit, Columbia Masterworks Records, into a separate imprint, CBS Masterworks Records.

In 1988, the CBS Records Group, including the Columbia Records unit, was acquired by [[Sony]], which re-christened the parent division [[Sony Music Entertainment]] in 1991. As Sony only had a temporary license on the CBS Records name, it then acquired the rights to the Columbia trademarks ([[Columbia Graphophone]]) outside the U.S., Canada, Spain (trademark owned by [[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]) and Japan (Nippon Columbia) from [[EMI]], a firm which generally had not used them since the early 1970s. The CBS Records label was officially renamed Columbia Records on January 1, 1991, worldwide except Spain (where Sony got the rights in 2004 by forming a joint venture with BMG<ref>[http://www.oepm.es/Localizador/LocNacExp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204010729/http://www.oepm.es/Localizador/LocNacExp|date=February 4, 2004}}{{dead link|date=February 2024}}</ref>) and Japan.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Reuters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/business/cbs-records-changes-name.html |url-access=subscription |title=CBS Records Changes Name |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 16, 1990 |access-date=December 31, 2009}}</ref> CBS Masterworks Records was renamed [[Sony Classical Records]]. In December 2006, [[CBS Corporation]] revived the [[CBS Records (2006)|CBS Records]] name for a new minor label closely linked with its television properties (coincidentally, the new CBS Records is currently distributed by another Sony Music division, [[RED Distribution]]).

=== The 1990s–present ===
American [[talent manager]] Will Botwin was recruited in 1996 to serve as a Senior Vice President. In 1998, he was appointed Executive Vice President/General Manager and worked closely with many of the label's established artists, as well as newer performers such as [[Microdisney]] and [[Five For Fighting]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://encore.celebrityaccess.com/index.php?encoreId=53&articleId=19526 |title=Will Botwin Joins Red Light |publisher=CelebrityAccess |website=ENCORE |date=2006-12-14 |accessdate=2014-08-12 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203071940/http://encore.celebrityaccess.com/index.php?encoreId=53&articleId=19526 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2002, Botwin was promoted to President of the Columbia Records Group;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,82218,00.html |title=Sony Music Gets Ready for Black Friday |publisher=Fox News |date=2011-12-01 |accessdate=2012-03-16 |archive-date=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026040615/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,82218,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> he was appointed Chairman in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gallo |first=Phil |date=2005-02-08 |title=Columbia chair adjusted |work=Variety |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117917611.html?categoryid=18&cs=1 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128120343/https://variety.com/2005/music/markets-festivals/columbia-chair-adjusted-1117917611/ |archive-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> In 2006, he left Columbia to head [[Red Light Management]] and its associated [[ATO Records]].<ref name=":0" />

Columbia Records remains a premier subsidiary label of [[Sony Music Entertainment]].  In 2009, during the re-consolidation of Sony Music, Columbia was partnered with its [[Epic Records]] sister to form the [[Columbia/Epic Label Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymusic.com/sonymusic/sony-music-entertainment-to-be-exclusive-music-provider-for-espns-winter-x-games-13/|title=Sony Music Entertainment to be Exclusive Music Provider for ESPN's Winter X Games 13 |website=Sony Music |date=October 27, 2009|access-date=November 8, 2016}}</ref> under which it operated as an imprint. In July 2011, as part of further corporate restructuring, Epic was split from the Columbia/Epic Group as Epic took in multiple artists from Jive Records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/l-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story |website=Billboard.biz |date= July 12, 2011 |first1=Shirley |last1=Halperin |title=L.A. Reid's First Week at Epic Has Some Staffers Feeling 'Energized'|access-date=November 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218065229/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/l-a-reid-s-first-week-at-epic-has-some-staffers-1005272002.story |archive-date= Dec 18, 2012 }}</ref>

As of March 2013, Columbia Records was home to 90 artists such as [[Lauren Jauregui]], [[Robbie Williams]], [[Calvin Harris]] and [[Daft Punk]].<ref>[http://www.columbiarecords.com/ Columbia Records Music Moving Forward]. Columbiarecords.com. Retrieved on July 16, 2013.</ref>

On January 2, 2018, [[Ron Perry (music)|Ron Perry]] was named as the chairman and CEO of Columbia Records.<ref name="New York Business Journal">"[https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2018/01/02/sony-names-new-ceo-of-columbia-records.html Sony names new CEO of Columbia Records]", Anthony Noto, ''New York Business Journal'', January 2, 2018, retrieved on January 2, 2018.</ref> In September 2018,  Jennifer Mallory was appointed EVP and general manager.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Jenifer Mallory Named EVP, General Manager Columbia Records|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8473422/jenifer-mallory-evp-general-manager-columbia-records |first1=Colin |last1=Stutz |access-date=2021-03-26 |magazine=Billboard|date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210507022805/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8473422/jenifer-mallory-evp-general-manager-columbia-records |archive-date= May 7, 2021 }}</ref>