Chancellor (education)

==Chancellor==
===Australia and New Zealand===
In both Australia and New Zealand, a chancellor is the chairperson of a university's governing body; thus, as well as having ceremonial duties, the chancellor participates in the governance of the university (but not its active management). The chancellor is assisted by a deputy chancellor (known as the pro-chancellor in some universities). The chancellor and deputy chancellor are frequently drawn from the senior ranks of business or the judiciary (it is one of the few jobs considered compatible with judicial service). Some universities have a visitor who is senior to the chancellor. University disputes can be appealed from the governing board to the visitor (as is still the case in the UK), but nowadays, such appeals are generally prohibited by legislation, and the position has only ceremonial functions (unlike the chancellor and deputy chancellor, who frequently preside at functions such as graduations, the visitor rarely attends university functions). The vice-chancellor usually serves as the chief executive of the university.

[[Macquarie University]] in Sydney is a noteworthy anomaly as it once had the unique position of ''Emeritus Deputy Chancellor'', a post created for [[John Lincoln (judge)|John Lincoln]] upon his retirement from his long-held post of deputy chancellor in 2000. The position was not merely an honorary title, as it also retained for Lincoln a place in the University Council until his death in 2011.

===Bangladesh===
Chancellor is a titular position in Bangladesh always held by the incumbent [[President of Bangladesh]] under the Private Universities Act 1992.<ref name=act>{{cite web|title=The Private University Act, 1992|url=http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/workgroups/bdlaw/1992-a34.htm|publisher=Südasien-Institut|access-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217204244/http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/workgroups/bdlaw/1992-a34.htm|archive-date=17 December 2007}}</ref> The position in public universities is not fixed for the president under any acts or laws (since the erection of a state university in Bangladesh requires an act to be passed in itself),<ref name=moe>{{cite web|title=Ministry of Education – Law/Act|url=http://www.moedu.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=400|publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh|access-date=6 April 2011}}</ref> but it has been the custom so far to name the incumbent president of the country as chancellor of all state universities thus established. The day-to-day business of the university is run by the vice chancellor. The vice chancellor has a deputy called the pro-vice-chancellor.

===Canada===
{{See also|Category:Canadian university and college chancellors}}
Canadian universities have a titular chancellor similar to those in [[England and Wales]], with day-to-day operations typically handled by a ''principal''. The vice-chancellor usually carries the joint title of "[[university president|president]] and vice-chancellor" or "[[rector (academia)|rector]] and vice-chancellor."

===Finland===
In Finland, if the university has a chancellor (Finnish: ''Kansleri'', Swedish: ''Kansler''), they are the leading official in the university. The duties of the chancellor are mainly to promote sciences and to look after the best interests of the university. As the [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the university (Finnish: ''rehtori'', Swedish: ''rektor'') remains the de facto administrative leader and chief executive official, the role of the chancellor is more of a social, political and even historical nature. However some administrative duties still belong to the chancellor's jurisdiction despite their often arguably ceremonial nature. Examples of these include the appointment of new [[Professor#Finland|professors]] and [[docent]]s.

The chancellor of [[University of Helsinki]] (the oldest and largest in Finland) has also the right to be present and to speak in the plenary meetings of the [[Cabinet of Finland|Council of State]] when matters regarding the university are discussed. Despite their role as the chancellor of only one university, they are often regarded as the political representative of Finland's entire university institution when they exercise their rights in the Council of State.

In the [[history of Finland]] the office of the chancellor dates all the way back to the [[Swedish Empire]], and later the [[Russian Empire]]. Historically the chancellor's duty was to function as the official representative of the monarch in the autonomous university.

The number of chancellors in Finnish universities has declined over the years, and in the vast majority of Finnish universities the highest official is the rector. The remaining universities with chancellors are University of Helsinki and [[Åbo Akademi University]].

===France===
In France, chancellor ({{Lang|fr|chancelier}}) is one of the titles of the [[Rector (academia)|rector]] ({{Lang|fr|recteur}}), a senior civil servant of the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministry of Education]] serving as manager of a regional educational district ({{Lang|fr|académie}}). In his capacity as chancellor, the rector awards [[academic degree]]s to the university's graduates, oversees the [[legality]] of the universities' executive acts and channels funding from the ministry.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} The rector has no executive function in any university but remains a member ''ex officio'' of the board of every public university in his district.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

===Germany and Poland===
In Poland, the chancellor (kanclerz) is the head of many universities' administration and the leader of the non-academic staff while the rector is the academic head. The main academic bodies of the university consists of: rektor (the head of the university), prorector (deputy rektor), dziekan (the head of the faculty), prodziekan (deputy dziekan), senat (the main council of the university). In universities with presidential constitution, the university's president holds both the functions of chancellor and rector.

Similarly, in Germany the chancellor (Kanzler) is the head of the administration, and regularly is recruited not from a scholarly but from an administrative background. The chancellor is a member of the governing body of the university (Hochschulleitung), which is directed by either a rector (Rektor) or a president (Präsident), whose precise role may vary among universities. Traditionally, the chancellor had the role to represent the local king or later the government in the university and to make sure that the university is compliant with government laws and policies. After universities gained more autonomy in the 20th century, they also got more freedom in choosing the chancellor by themselves. However, still today the chancellor is not an administrator who is entirely subordinate to the president but an office holder who oversees a host of responsibilities assigned to him or her directly by higher education law. This can give the chancellor a considerable veto power in the university leadership.

===Hong Kong===
In Hong Kong, the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]] (and before 1997, [[Governor of Hong Kong]]) acts as the chancellor of all chartered universities, which includes all [[Higher education in Hong Kong#UGC funded universities|eight public universities]] and [[Hong Kong Metropolitan University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chief executive's HKU role should only be honorary, says panel|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2073305/strip-hong-kong-chief-executive-university-powers|website=South China Morning Post| date=23 February 2017 |access-date=15 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> Day-to-day operation is in the hands of either a vice-chancellor (older and established institutions) or a president (in newer institutions), depending on the institution.

===Kazakhstan, Turkey, Russia, and Ukraine===
In Kazakhstan, Turkey, Russia, and Ukraine, the chancellor is the head of the university and is called a "rector." Some universities in Russia and Ukraine have figurehead "presidents."

===India===
In India, almost all universities have a chancellor as their titular head whose function is largely ceremonial. The governor of the state, appointed as the union's representative of state by the president, is the honorary chancellor of all State owned universities. The de facto head of any government university is the vice-chancellor. In private non-profit universities, normally the head of the foundation who has established the university is the chancellor of the university and is the head of the university.

For private university unlike the chancellor who heads the conventional Indian 'state university', the private university is headed by a president or chairman of private organization and have other posts like vice-chancellors, deans of faculties, registrar and controller of examinations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two more private universities approved for Pune|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Education/News/Two-more-private-universities-approved-for-Pune/articleshow/37660328.cms|access-date=3 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Ireland===
In Ireland, the four universities all have a chancellor as their figurehead leader. However, the day-to-day operations of the universities are under the directorship of a president (a [[provost (education)|provost]] in the case of [[Trinity College Dublin]]). The [[National University of Ireland]]'s constituent universities do not have a chancellor each; rather, the president of each constituent university has the title of [[Pro-Vice-Chancellor]] of the NUI. In [[Dublin City University]] and the [[University of Limerick]], the chancellor is also the chairman of the university's governing authority.

===Malaysia===
In Malaysia, the chancellor position is given to dignitaries such as royalty or prominent politicians by universities to represent the universities in the political arena. For example, the chancellor of [[University of Malaya]], the oldest university in Malaysia is [[Nazrin Shah of Perak|Sultan Nazrin Shah]], the [[Sultan of Perak]].

All public universities except the [[International Islamic University of Malaysia]] used the term chancellor. While for IIUM, the Constitutional Head which has same degree as the chancellor is used.

===Nepal===
In Nepal, universities have a chancellor as ceremonial head. The de facto head of the university is the vice-chancellor. The chancellor is primarily responsible for attending the convocation programmes and accepting the resignation and appointment letter of a new vice-chancellor. Generally, the prime minister is considered the chancellor, and in his absence, the minister of education acts as the chancellor.

===Pakistan===
In Pakistan, chancellor is normally the figurehead of the university, who is normally the provincial governor where that university exists.
Day-to-day business of the university is run by the vice chancellor.

===Philippines===
In the Philippines, the [[De La Salle University]] designates the head of its university as the chancellor. For the University of the Philippines, the entire system is headed by a president, while the eight constituent universities under the system is each headed by a chancellor. The chancellor designates the different vice-chancellors for different areas of concern of the university: academic affairs, finance, and community affairs, among others. Some more universities like [[University of Santo Tomas]] and other colleges 
institutions have chancellors. Its chancellor is the incumbent Master of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans); meanwhile, the vice chancellor is the prior provincial of the Dominican Province of the Philippines. Their roles are largely ceremonial. The University of Santo Tomas is governed mainly by its [[Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas|rector magnificus]] in overseeing its academic, financial and other affairs. The Central Seminary under the University of Santo Tomas also has an appointed Chancellor who acts as the executive secretary of the rector and the guardian of the archives of the seminary. Sem. Gerard Louiez P. Mapalo I is currently the Chancellor of the seminary. On the other hand, the [[San Beda University|San Beda]] System has the prior or the abbot of [[Our Lady of Montserrat Abbey (Manila)]] as its chancellor for its constituent units while a rector-president heads each constituent unit.

Other universities in the Philippines (such as state universities like Mindanao State University where each constituent campus is headed by chancellor) are mostly headed by their respective university presidents. Meanwhile, private (esp. Catholic) institutions are headed by a rector.

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Lord Grenville as Chancellor of Oxford by William Owen.jpg|thumb|Lord Grenville as Chancellor of the University of Oxford; painting by William Owen]]
[[File:Encaenia 2009.jpg|thumb|The Chancellor of the University of Oxford, [[Chris Patten|Lord Patten]], in procession at Encaenia, 2009]]
{{See also|Ancient university governance in Scotland|Chancellor of the University of St Andrews}}
In the United Kingdom, a Chancellor is generally a titular position without day-to-day managerial responsibilities, such as at [[University of Oxford]], where the Vice-Chancellor runs the administration and is the de facto university leader.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7kUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA24|title=The Oxford University Calendar 1817|date=24 June 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> In Scotland, day-to-day operations are typically handled by a "[[university principal|principal]] and vice-chancellor."

===United States===
{{See also|List of longest serving higher education presidents}}

In the United States, heads of colleges and universities are typically called "[[University president|president]]." A multi-campus [[university system]] may be headed by a chancellor who serves as systemwide chief, with presidents governing individual institutions. This is more commonly seen in university systems which were belatedly formed by grouping together already-extant colleges or universities in the 20th century, such as the [[State University of New York]], the [[City University of New York]], and the [[California State University]]. In many [[state university system]]s which began with a single flagship campus in the 18th or 19th century and gradually delegated operational authority to [[satellite campus]]es during the 20th century, the titles are reversed. This is the case in [[University of Arkansas System|Arkansas]], [[University of California|California]], [[University of North Carolina|North Carolina]], [[University of Illinois system|Illinois]], [[University of Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[University of Missouri System|Missouri]], and [[University of Wisconsin|Wisconsin]].

Outside of university systems, presidents are the functional chief executive officers of most standalone U.S. universities. However, a few universities, such as [[Syracuse University]] and the [[University of Pittsburgh]], have a chancellor as their chief executive officer. There are occasional other uses of the title "chancellor." [[The College of William & Mary]] uses the term "chancellor" in the British sense, as a figurehead leader, but the actual executive of the school is the "president", not a "vice-chancellor." Some schools, such as [[Lubbock Christian University]], give the ceremonial title of "chancellor" to a retiring university president. [[The Catholic University of America]] is headed by a [[The Catholic University of America#University rectors and presidents|president]] (formerly "rector"), with the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington|Archbishop of Washington]] serving as chancellor, a ceremonial position but one which does require the archbishop to represent the university before the [[Holy See]]. This scenario, while not always exactly duplicated, is typical in other Catholic universities due to the Catholic hierarchy. In some schools run by Catholic religious orders, the rector of the community supersedes the president when the latter is a member of that religious order. In some universities, such as [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], the chancellor is a high-ranking officer below the president and equal to or below the provost, who might have vice-chancellors reporting to her or him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chancellor MIT Organization Chart |url=https://orgchart.mit.edu/chancellor |access-date=2022-07-28 | publisher=orgchart.mit.edu}}</ref>

The title "chancellor" is sometimes used in [[K–12 (education)|K-12]] education in a sense similar to [[superintendent (education)|superintendent of schools]], particularly in urban school districts. The [[New York City Schools Chancellor]] is the chief executive officer of the [[New York City Department of Education]], which manages the city's public school system (the largest in the United States). The leader of the [[District of Columbia Public Schools]] system is also referred to as the chancellor.