Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

== History ==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2018}}
{{Main|History of broadcasting in Canada|Timeline of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}
In 1929, the [[Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting|Aird Commission]] on [[public broadcasting]] recommended the creation of a national radio broadcast network. A major concern was the growing influence of American radio broadcasting as U.S.-based networks began to expand into Canada. Meanwhile, [[Canadian National Railways]] was making a radio network to keep its passengers entertained and give it an advantage over its rival, CP. This, the CNR Radio, is the forerunner of the CBC. [[Graham Spry]] and [[Alan Plaunt]] lobbied intensely for the project on behalf of the [[Canadian Radio League]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Babe |first1=Robert |title=Graham Spry |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/graham-spry |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=January 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106182625/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/graham-spry |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1932 the government of [[R. B. Bennett]] established the CBC's predecessor, the [[Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission]] (CRBC).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Museum of Broadcast Communications|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1082196633|title=Encyclopedia of radio. Volume 1, A-E|date=2004|others=Michael C. Keith, Christopher H. Sterling|isbn=978-0-203-48428-9|location=London|pages=417|oclc=1082196633|access-date=April 22, 2021|archive-date=March 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317103207/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1082196633|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg|thumb|Journalists in a CBC newsroom in [[Montreal]] in November 1944]]
The CRBC took over a network of radio stations formerly set up by a federal Crown corporation, the [[Canadian National Railway]]. The network was used to broadcast programming to riders aboard its passenger trains, with coverage primarily in central and eastern Canada. On November 2, 1936, the CRBC was reorganized under its present name. While the CRBC was a state-owned company, the CBC was a [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporation]] on the model of the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]], which had been reformed from a private company into a statutory corporation in 1927. [[Leonard Brockington]] was the CBC's first chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1936: CBC Radio takes to the air|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1936-cbc-radio-takes-to-the-air|url-status=live|website=CBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102234354/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1936-cbc-radio-takes-to-the-air |archive-date=November 2, 2015 }}</ref>

For the next few decades, the CBC was responsible for all broadcasting innovation in Canada. This was in part because, until 1958, it was not only a broadcaster but the chief regulator of Canadian broadcasting. It used this dual role to snap up most of the [[clear-channel station|clear-channel licences]] in Canada. It began a separate French-language radio network in December 1937.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=CBC Radio-Canada French Radio Network {{!}} History of Canadian Broadcasting|url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/cbc-radio-canada-french-radio-network|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=www.broadcasting-history.ca|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152101/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/cbc-radio-canada-french-radio-network|url-status=live}}</ref> It introduced [[FM radio]] to Canada in 1946, though a distinct FM service was not launched until 1960.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=CBC Through the Years|url=https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/your-public-broadcaster/history|url-status=live|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=cbc.radio-canada.ca|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101225251/https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/your-public-broadcaster/history |archive-date=January 1, 2020 }}</ref>

Television broadcasts from the CBC began on September 6, 1952, with the opening of a station in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] ([[CBFT]]), and a station in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] ([[CBLT]]) opening two days later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CBC makes its first television broadcast|url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/cbc-makes-its-first-television-broadcast/|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=Your Museum. Your Stories.|language=en-US|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152101/https://www.historymuseum.ca/blog/cbc-makes-its-first-television-broadcast/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CBC MAKES ITS FIRST TELEVISION BROADCAST|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1952-cbc-television-debuts|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928122916/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1952-cbc-television-debuts |archive-date=September 28, 2015 }}</ref> The CBC's first privately owned [[Network affiliate|affiliate]] television station, [[CICI-TV|CKSO]] in [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], Ontario, launched in October 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CBC Television Network {{!}} History of Canadian Broadcasting|url=https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/television/cbc-television-network|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=www.broadcasting-history.ca|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152100/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/television/cbc-television-network|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Torontoist|date=September 6, 2008|title=Historicist: Television Comes to Toronto|url=https://torontoist.com/2008/09/historicist_television_comes_to_tor/|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=Torontoist|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152051/https://torontoist.com/2008/09/historicist_television_comes_to_tor/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC, a condition that relaxed in 1960–61 with the launch of [[CTV Television Network|CTV]].

From 1944 to 1962, the CBC split its English-language radio network into two services known as the [[Trans-Canada Network]] and the [[Dominion Network]]. The latter, carrying lighter programs including American radio shows, was dissolved in 1962, while the former became known as CBC Radio. (In the late 1990s, CBC Radio was rebranded as [[CBC Radio One]] and CBC Stereo as CBC Radio Two. The latter was rebranded slightly in 2007 as [[CBC Radio 2]].)
[[File:CBC Radio Canada Chevrolet Express 02.jpg|thumb|A CBC [[satellite truck]], used for remote television broadcasts]]
On July 1, 1958, the CBC's television signal was extended from coast to coast. The first Canadian television show shot in colour was the CBC's own ''[[The Forest Rangers (TV series)|The Forest Rangers]]'' in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 14, 2013|title=CBC TV's The Forest Rangers celebrates 50th anniversary|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2013/06/14/cbc_tvs_the_forest_rangers_celebrates_50th_anniversary.html|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=thestar.com|language=en|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152050/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2013/06/14/cbc_tvs_the_forest_rangers_celebrates_50th_anniversary.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Colour television broadcasts commenced on July 1, 1966, and full-colour service began in 1974.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CBC in living colour – CBC Archives|language=en|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/cbc-in-living-colour|access-date=April 22, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507041629/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/cbc-in-living-colour|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=International|first=Radio Canada|date=September 6, 2016|title=History: Television begins in Canada, Sept.06, 1952|url=https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2016/09/06/history-television-begins-in-canada-sept-06-1952/|access-date=April 22, 2021|website=RCI {{!}} English|language=en-US|archive-date=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422152051/https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2016/09/06/history-television-begins-in-canada-sept-06-1952/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1978, the CBC became the first broadcaster in the world to use an orbiting satellite for television service, linking Canada "from east to west to north". The mission of CBC is contributing to the "moral economy of the nation".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mosaic|first=Taras|title=The ever-shrinking world of public broadcasting|year=2015}}</ref>

=== Frontier Coverage Package ===
Starting in 1967 and continuing until the mid-1970s, the CBC offered a "Frontier Coverage Package" of limited television service to remote northern communities.<ref name="TV north of 60" /> Low-power television transmitters carried a four-hour selection of black-and-white [[videotape]]d programs each day. The tapes were recorded in [[Calgary]] and flown into a community with a transmitter, put on the air, and then transported to another community, often by the "bicycle" method used in [[television syndication]]. Transportation delays ranged from one week for larger centres to almost a month for small communities.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=M.A. |last=Hunter |first=Gordon |title=Native communications in Canada uses of and access to the broadcast media in the 1970s. |date=1980 |publisher=University of Windsor (Canada) |url=https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/2813/ |access-date=April 10, 2023 |format=PDF |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317032020/https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/2813/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:CBC North studio Iqaluit.JPG|thumb|[[CBC North]] studios in [[Iqaluit]] in 2011]]
The first stations were started in [[Yellowknife]], Northwest Territories; [[Lynn Lake]], Manitoba; and [[Havre-Saint-Pierre]], Quebec, in 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Lorna |url=https://archive.org/details/somethingnewinai0000roth |title=Something New in the Air: The Story of First Peoples Television Broadcasting in Canada |publisher=[[McGill–Queen's University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7735-7244-7 |page=71 |oclc=243600946 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="TV north of 60">{{Cite book |last=Roth |first=Lorna |chapter=Television Broadcasting North of 60 |date=September 27, 2017 |url=http://books.openedition.org/uop/1433 |title=Images of Canadianness: Visions on Canada's Politics, Culture, and Economics |pages=147–166 |editor-last=D'Haenens |editor-first=Leen |publisher=[[University of Ottawa Press]] |isbn=978-0-7766-2709-0 |access-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418143723/https://books.openedition.org/uop/1433 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another station began operating in [[Whitehorse]], Yukon in November 1968.<ref>{{cite news |title=Now It's Tuesday For CBC TV |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122664932/whitehorse-cbc-tv-station-to-sign-on/ |access-date=April 11, 2023 |work=Whitehorse Daily Star |date=November 21, 1968 |page=2 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411102428/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122664932/whitehorse-cbc-tv-station-to-sign-on/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional stations were added from 1969 to 1972.

Most of the stations were reconfigured in 1973 to receive CBC Television programming from the [[Anik (satellite)|Anik]] satellite in colour and live with the rest of Canada. Those serving the largest centres signed on with colour broadcasts on February 5, 1973, and most of the others were added before spring of that year.<ref name="Anik live tv">{{cite news |title=First live TV broadcasting due in North via satellite |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121169452/live-tv-to-come-to-northern-canada/ |access-date=April 10, 2023 |work=The Vancouver Sun |date=February 2, 1973 |page=22 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319055439/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121169452/live-tv-to-come-to-northern-canada/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Broadcasts were geared to either the [[Atlantic Time Zone]] (UTC−4 or −3), originating from [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] and later [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], or the [[Pacific Time Zone]] (UTC−8 or −7), originating from [[Vancouver]],<ref name="TV survey 1973">{{cite news |title=A TV Survey of the Yukon, NWT, Nfld and Northern Quebec |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121174354/live-tv-comes-to-whitehorse/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |work=Whitehorse Daily Star |date=February 7, 1973 |page=20 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331065207/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121174354/live-tv-comes-to-whitehorse/ |url-status=live }}</ref> even though the audience resided in communities in time zones varying from UTC−5 to UTC−8; the reason for this was that the CBC originated its programs for the Atlantic Time Zone, and a key station in each time zone would record the broadcast for the appropriate delay of one, two or three hours; the programs were originated again for the Pacific zone. The northern stations picked up one of these two feeds, with the western NWT stations picking up the Pacific feed.<ref name="Anik live tv" /> Some in northern areas of the provinces were connected by [[microwave transmission|microwave]] to a CBC broadcast centre within their own province.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hume |first1=Steve |title=Remote outposts linked by phone |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122668079/remote-outposts-linked-by-phone/ |access-date=April 11, 2023 |work=Edmonton Journal |date=January 15, 1973 |page=47 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411102426/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122668079/remote-outposts-linked-by-phone/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of these stations used non-CBC [[call sign]]s such as [[CFWH-TV]] in Whitehorse, CFYK in Yellowknife, CFFB in Frobisher Bay and CHAK in Inuvik, while some others used the standard CB_T callsign but with five letters (e.g. CBDHT). [[telecommunications link|Uplinks]] in the North were usually a [[satellite truck|temporary unit]] brought in from the south. A [[ground station]] uplink was later established in Yellowknife, and then in Whitehorse and Iqaluit.

Television programs originating in the North began in 1979 with the monthly news magazine ''Our Ways'', produced in Yellowknife,<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 1979–1980 |url=https://resources.library.upei.ca/govdocs/CBC/BC1-1980.pdf |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=March 19, 2023 |page=16 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320042010/https://resources.library.upei.ca/govdocs/CBC/BC1-1980.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and graduated to half-hour newscasts (''Northbeat'' and {{transliteration|iu|Igalaaq}}) on weekdays in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nightly news program to debut Tuesday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121996309/cbc-northbeat-and-igalaaq-debut/ |access-date=March 31, 2023 |work=Whitehorse Daily Star |date=November 9, 1995 |page=14 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331094900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121996309/cbc-northbeat-and-igalaaq-debut/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Until then, there were occasional temporary uplinks for such things as territorial election returns coverage; Yukon had the first such coverage in 1985,<ref>{{cite news |title=Results on TV, radio |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122660823/yukon-1985-election-coverage-on-tv-and/ |access-date=April 10, 2023 |work=Whitehorse Daily Star |date=May 13, 1985 |page=4 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411045743/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122660823/yukon-1985-election-coverage-on-tv-and/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though because it happened during the Stanley Cup playoffs, equipment was already spoken for, so CBC rented the equipment of [[CITV-TV]] [[Edmonton]] to use in Whitehorse that evening.

=== 2011 transition to digital television ===
{{see also|Digital television in Canada|List of defunct CBC and Radio-Canada television transmitters}}
[[File:RCI Tantramar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Radio Canada International]] transmitter site ([[CKCX]]) in [[Sackville, New Brunswick]] in 2009. The site was closed in 2012.]] 
The CRTC ordered that in 28 "mandatory markets", full power over-the-air analogue television transmitters had to cease transmitting by August 31, 2011. Broadcasters could either continue serving those markets by transitioning analogue transmitters to digital or cease broadcasting over-the-air. Cable, IPTV, and satellite services are not involved or affected by this digital transition deadline.

While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the [[Digital television in Canada|Canadian digital television transition]] deadline of August 31, 2011, the CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters mandatory to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC TV, and 14 of 28 markets with SRC). Due to financial difficulties reported by the corporation, the corporation published a plan whereby communities that receive analogue signals by re-broadcast transmitters in mandatory markets would lose their over-the-air (OTA) signals as of the deadline. Rebroadcast transmitters account for 23 of the 48 CBC and SRC transmitters in mandatory markets. Mandatory markets losing both CBC and SRC over-the-air signals include [[London, Ontario]] (metropolitan area population 457,000) and [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]] (metro area 257,000). In both of those markets, the corporation's television transmitters are the only ones that were not converted to digital.

On July 31, 2012, the CBC shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters, following an announcement of these plans on April 4, 2012. This reduced the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country to 27. According to the CBC, this would reduce the corporation's yearly costs by $10&nbsp;million. No plans have been announced to use subchannels to maintain over-the-air signals for both CBC and SRC in markets where the corporation has one digital transmitter. In fact, in its CRTC application to shut down all of its analogue television transmitters, the CBC communicated its opposition to the use of subchannels, citing, amongst other reasons, costs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://services.crtc.gc.ca/pub/DocWebBroker/OpenDocument.aspx?DMID=1733163 |title=Re: Notice of Decommissioning of CBC/Radio-Canada's Analogue Television Rebroadcasting Transmitters – Reply argument of CBC/Radio-Canada |access-date=October 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612231206/https://services.crtc.gc.ca/pub/DocWebBroker/OpenDocument.aspx?DMID=1733163 |url-status=live }}</ref> CBC/R-C claims that only 1.7 percent of Canadian viewers actually lost access to CBC and Radio-Canada programming due to the very high penetration of cable and satellite. In some areas (particularly remote and rural regions), cable or satellite have long been essential for acceptable television.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/cbc-tv-tvo-end-analog-transmission-1.1145615|title=CBC-TV, TVO end analog transmission|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=August 3, 2012|access-date=December 29, 2019|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808102527/https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/cbc-tv-tvo-end-analog-transmission-1.1145615|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Fallout over the Ghomeshi affair ===
In 2015, after allegations that CBC Radio host [[Jian Ghomeshi]] had harassed colleagues, Ghomeshi was placed on leave; his employment was terminated in October when the CBC indicated that they had "graphic evidence" that he had injured a female employee.<ref name=hasham>{{cite news |last=Hasham |first=Alyshah |date=January 29, 2016 |title=CBC fired Jian Ghomeshi after seeing 'graphic evidence': internal memo |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/10/31/cbc_fired_jian_ghomeshi_after_seeing_graphic_evidence_internal_memo.html |newspaper=Toronto Star |location=Toronto |access-date=May 12, 2016 |archive-date=June 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609222921/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/10/31/cbc_fired_jian_ghomeshi_after_seeing_graphic_evidence_internal_memo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The corporation commissioned an independent investigation. The resulting report by Janice Rubin, a partner at the law firm Rubin Thomlinson LLP, discussed employee complaints about Ghomeshi that were not seriously considered by the CBC. Rubin concluded that CBC management had "failed to take adequate steps" when it became aware of Ghomeshi's "problematic behaviour".<ref name=jggn>{{cite web |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1942580/cbc-apologizes-for-inappropriate-behaviour-in-wake-of-jian-ghomeshi-report/ |title=CBC management condoned Jian Ghomeshi's behaviour: report |last=Armstrong |first=James |date=April 16, 2015 |website=Global News |publisher=Corus Entertainment Inc. |access-date=May 12, 2016 |quote=The fallout from the downfall of one of CBC's biggest stars hit the corporation hard on Wednesday. An independent report found managers at the CBC knew about Jian Ghomeshi's abusive behaviour at work, but did nothing to stop it. |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503123637/http://globalnews.ca/news/1942580/cbc-apologizes-for-inappropriate-behaviour-in-wake-of-jian-ghomeshi-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ghomeshi was charged by police with multiple counts of sexual assault but was found not guilty of all but one of these in March 2016. He was to be tried in June on the last remaining charge, relating to a complainant who had also worked at CBC; her name was later revealed to be [[Kathryn Borel]]. On May 11, 2016, however, the Crown withdrew the charge after Ghomeshi signed a peace bond (which does not include an admission of guilt) and apologized to Borel.<ref name=apology>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/jian-ghomeshi-trial-peace-bond-1.3575912 |title=Jian Ghomeshi trial: Former CBC radio host signs peace bond, Crown drops sex assault charge |last=Fraser |first=Laura |date=May 11, 2016 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=January 3, 2020 |quote="No workplace friendship or creative environment excuses this sort of behaviour, especially when there's a power imbalance as there was with Ms. Borel", Ghomeshi told the court. |archive-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613050125/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/jian-ghomeshi-trial-peace-bond-1.3575912 |url-status=live }}</ref> Borel was critical of the CBC for its handling of her initial complaint about Ghomeshi's behaviour. "When I went to the CBC for help, what I received in return was a directive that, yes, he could do this and, yes, it was my job to let him", she told the assembled media representatives.<ref name=blacbc>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/cbc-apology-kathryn-borel-ghomeshi-peace-bond-1.3577223 |title=CBC apologizes to Kathryn Borel over handling of Jian Ghomeshi complaint |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 11, 2016 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=January 3, 2020 |quote=Circumstances around Ghomeshi complaint 'should never have happened', CBC says |archive-date=June 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612151135/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/cbc-apology-kathryn-borel-ghomeshi-peace-bond-1.3577223 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The CBC apologized to Borel publicly on May 11 in a statement by the head of public affairs Chuck Thompson. "What Ms. Borel experienced in our workplace should never have happened and we sincerely apologize&nbsp;...", he stated.<ref name=ct680>{{cite web |url=https://www.680news.com/2016/05/11/full-text-cbc-statement-on-kathryn-borel-and-ghomeshi-scandal/ |title=Full text: CBC statement on Kathryn Borel and Ghomeshi scandal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=May 11, 2016 |website=680 News |publisher=Rogers Digital Media |access-date=January 3, 2020 |quote=We've revised our process for capturing the details of bullying and harassment complaints. We are responding to complaints with renewed discipline and rigour, and learning from the data to improve prevention and early resolution. |archive-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103080814/https://www.680news.com/2016/05/11/full-text-cbc-statement-on-kathryn-borel-and-ghomeshi-scandal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The corporation has also maintained that it had accepted Rubin's report and had "since made significant progress" on a revised policy of improved training and methods for handling bullying and harassment complaints.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Gallant |first=Jacques |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Much more change seen as needed at CBC in Jian Ghomeshi's wake |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2016/05/11/much-more-change-seen-needed-at-cbc-in-jian-ghomeshis-wake.html |newspaper=Toronto Star |location=Toronto |access-date=May 12, 2016 |quote=Corporation says culture shift about workplace harassment is underway, but outsiders are dubious. |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513101445/https://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2016/05/11/much-more-change-seen-needed-at-cbc-in-jian-ghomeshis-wake.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Rubin report "contained several recommendations on how the CBC can change its workplace culture. One of those recommendations included the creation of a work and human rights ombudsperson whom employees could use to raise concerns about the workplace." The CBC also severed its relationship "with two top executives, Chris Boyce, the former head of CBC Radio, and Todd Spencer, the head of human resources for English services".<ref name=jggn/>

In a ''[[Toronto Star]]'' article by Jacques Gallant from May 11, 2016, public relations expert Martin Waxman spoke of a "damning indictment" of the CBC which included the following comment. "Yes, they did their inquiry, but if I were the CBC, I would think strongly about what is wrong with the culture and what they can do to repair it", he said.<ref name=":4" /> ''The Star'' also quoted employment lawyer [[Howard Levitt]] stating that "harassment has not been fully addressed at the CBC" in his estimation. Levitt called the Rubin report a "whitewash" and reiterated his suggestion that a federal commission should conduct a more detailed inquiry into workplace issues at the public broadcaster.<ref name=":4" />

=== Federal elections and copyright claims ===
==== 42nd Canadian Parliament: lawsuit threats ====
During the [[2015 Canadian federal election]] campaign, the CBC issued [[Cease and desist|cease-and-desist]] letters to the [[Broadbent Institute]], the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] (CPC), the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], and the [[New Democratic Party |New Democratic Party of Canada]], accusing them of using [[copyright]]ed footage from CBC news programming in their campaign advertising without permission. The Liberals and NDP complied with the letters, pulling the ads in question, while the Broadbent Institute and the Conservatives persisted. Eventually, however, rather than go to court, the Broadbent Institute and the Conservatives agreed to remove the offending material, and as such, the CBC did not pursue them further for these alleged infractions in 2015.<ref name="Tait-defending-journalism">{{cite web |title=Statement from Catherine Tait: "Why your public broadcaster is defending journalism" |url=https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/defending-our-journalism |last=Tait |first=Catherine |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |date=October 16, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-date=December 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231070442/https://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/defending-our-journalism |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 43rd Canadian Parliament: trial of suit ====
<!-- The events during 2015 Canadian federal election lay context for the events of the 2019 Canadian federal election. Without mention of such events, a reader may misinterpret the CBC to have sought legal action against the CPC abruptly and without warning in 2019. It can also be noted that the CPC ignored repeated warnings to pull CBC material in 2019 over the course of several days prior to the 2019 lawsuit being launched. -->
In October 2019, two weeks before the [[2019 Canadian federal election]], the CBC sued the CPC for using excerpts from its leaders' debates in campaign material. The CBC petitioned for an [[injunction]] against the CPC continuing to use the excerpts as well as seeking an acknowledgement from the CPC and its executive director, [[Dustin Van Vugt]], that the party had "engaged in the unauthorized use of copyright-protected material". Furthermore, the CBC indicated that the clips in question were "taken out of context and are edited and relied on to make partisan points for the benefit" of the CPC.<ref name="CBC-v-CPC">{{cite web|title=CBC taking Conservative Party to court over online election ad|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/cbc-conservative-party-lawsuit-1.5319209|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=October 12, 2019|access-date=January 21, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706210249/https://www.cbc.ca/news/cbc-conservative-party-lawsuit-1.5319209|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- While a prior quote, pertaining to moral rights of the applicants, Rosemary Barton and John Paul Tasker, may have been true for a few days, the CBC indicated that it was amending its lawsuit in a way such that it was only the CBC that was seeking legal action against the Conservative Party of Canada. As such, this quote does not really continue to apply. In a more extended analysis, this quote might be used, in combination with notation indicating that the CBC was amending its original legal application. In a brief analysis, however, a quote that is still applicable would be more appropriate. (see also statement from Catherine Tait, October 16, 2019.) --> In response, the CPC stated that 17 seconds of footage had been used and the video in question had been removed before the lawsuit was filed, and expressed "grave concern that this decision was made on the eve of an election that CBC is to be covering fairly and objectively".

Intellectual property academic [[Michael Geist]] stated that the use of the footage was likely covered by [[fair dealing]] provisions.<ref name=geist>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-cbc-is-lost-in-a-digital-world/ |last=Geist |first=Michael |title=Opinion: CBC's lawsuit against the Conservatives reveals a broadcaster lost in the digital world |date=October 13, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2020 |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217100133/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-cbc-is-lost-in-a-digital-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2019/cbc-sues-the-conservative-party-over-copyright-journalists-moral-rights|last=Higgins|first=Michael|title=CBC sues the Conservative party over copyright, 'moral rights' of journalists|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=October 11, 2019|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-date=July 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706210221/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2019/cbc-sues-the-conservative-party-over-copyright-journalists-moral-rights|url-status=live}}</ref> CBC President and CEO [[Catherine Tait]] contends that she does not believe that the use of journalistic material for partisan ads is covered by the "fair dealing" exemption of the ''[[Copyright Act]]''.<ref name="Tait-defending-journalism"/>

==== Resolution: court allows fair dealing ====
On May 13, 2021, the CPC lawsuit was dismissed in the [[Federal Court of Canada]], with [[Justice Phelan]]'s clarification that the CPC's use was fair and allowable.<ref name="Federal-court-ruling">{{cite web |title=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation v. Conservative Party of Canada |url=https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/496993/index.do |last=Phelan |first=Hon. Mr. Justice |publisher=Federal Court of Canada |date=May 13, 2021 |access-date=September 4, 2021 |ref=2021 FC 425 |archive-date=September 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905002613/https://decisions.fct-cf.gc.ca/fc-cf/decisions/en/item/496993/index.do |url-status=live }}</ref> The decision made precedent. "Prior to this decision, Canadian jurisprudence held that to meet the requirements of criticism and review, the copyrighted work in use must be critiqued and analyzed. Furthermore, the Court held that for attribution of the source and author, the inclusion of the CBC's logo was sufficient" to meet ''Copyright Act'' requirements.<ref name="bplex">{{cite news |last1=Larose |first1=François |last2=Zener |first2=Naomi |last3=Winegust |first3=Tamara Céline |last4=Audet |first4=William |last5=Aucoin |first5=Adam |last6=Fleming |first6=Mitchel |title=2021 Year in Review: Canadian Copyright |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9e206ea6-dab5-475f-ad8a-e8562f0f5ad7 |agency=Lexology |publisher=Law Business Research |date=February 11, 2022 |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319182150/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9e206ea6-dab5-475f-ad8a-e8562f0f5ad7 |url-status=live }}</ref>