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AdvancedSpecial charactersHelpHeadingLevel 2Level 3Level 4Level 5FormatInsertLatinLatin extendedIPASymbolsGreekGreek extendedCyrillicArabicArabic extendedHebrewBanglaTamilTeluguSinhalaDevanagariGujaratiThaiLaoKhmerCanadian AboriginalRunesÁáÀàÂâÄäÃãǍǎĀāĂ㥹ÅåĆćĈĉÇçČčĊċĐđĎďÉéÈèÊêËëĚěĒēĔĕĖėĘęĜĝĢģĞğĠġĤĥĦħÍíÌìÎîÏïĨĩǏǐĪīĬĭİıĮįĴĵĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńÑñŅņŇňÓóÒòÔôÖöÕõǑǒŌōŎŏǪǫŐőŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšȘșȚțŤťÚúÙùÛûÜüŨũŮůǓǔŪūǖǘǚǜŬŭŲųŰűŴŵÝýŶŷŸÿȲȳŹźŽžŻżÆæǢǣØøŒœßÐðÞþƏəFormattingLinksHeadingsListsFilesDiscussionReferencesDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getItalic''Italic text''Italic textBold'''Bold text'''Bold textBold & italic'''''Bold & italic text'''''Bold & italic textDescriptionWhat you typeWhat you getReferencePage text.<ref>[https://www.example.org/ Link text], additional text.</ref>Page text.[1]Named referencePage text.<ref name="test">[https://www.example.org/ Link text]</ref>Page text.[2]Additional use of the same referencePage text.<ref name="test" />Page text.[2]Display references<references />↑ Link text, additional text.↑ Link text==History== {{Main|History of Baltimore}} {{For timeline}} ===Pre-settlement=== The Baltimore area had been inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] since at least the [[10th millennium BC]], when [[Paleo-Indians]] first settled in the region.<ref name="akerson"/> One Paleo-Indian site and several [[Archaic period in North America|Archaic period]] and [[Woodland period]] archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the [[Late Woodland period]].<ref name="akerson">{{cite book |title=American Indians in the Baltimore area |last=Akerson |first=Louise A. |year=1988 |publisher=Baltimore Center for Urban Archaeology (Md.) |location=Baltimore, Maryland |oclc=18473413 |page=15 }}</ref> In December 2021, several Woodland period Native American artifacts were found in [[Herring Run Park]] in northeast Baltimore, dating 5,000 to 9,000 years ago. The finding followed a period of dormancy in Baltimore City archaeological findings which had persisted since the 1980s.<ref name="herring-run-artifacts">{{cite news|title=Discovered in Baltimore park: Native American artifacts 5,000-9,000 years old|date=December 4, 2021|access-date=December 5, 2021|newspaper=Baltimore Brew|url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2021/12/04/discovered-in-a-baltimore-park-native-american-artifacts-5000-9000-years-old/|last=Shen|first=Fern}}</ref> During the Late Woodland period, the [[archaeological culture]] known as the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore south to the [[Rappahannock River]] in present-day [[Virginia]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Commoners, Tribute, and Chiefs: The Development of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Valley |last=Potter |first=Stephen R. |year=1993 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-1422-0 |page=119 |access-date=January 5, 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWQfeDJYlewC&q=Commoners,+Tribute,+and+Chiefs}}</ref> ===Etymology=== The city is named after [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]],<ref>{{citation|title=Baltimore City, Maryland: Historical Chronology|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/chron/html/bcitychron17.html|publisher=Maryland State Archives|date=February 29, 2016|access-date=April 11, 2016}}; {{citation|title=Calvert Family Tree|url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/special/projects/riversdale/calvertfamilytree.pdf|publisher=University Libraries, University of Maryland|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> an English peer, member of the [[Irish House of Lords]] and founding proprietor of the [[Province of Maryland]].<ref>{{citation|title=Maryland History Timeline|url=http://www.visitmaryland.org/info/maryland-history-timeline|publisher=Maryland Office of Tourism|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=egan>{{citation|first=Casey|last=Egan|date=November 23, 2015|title=The surprising Irish origins of Baltimore, Maryland|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/The-surprising-Irish-origins-of-Baltimore-Maryland.html|website=IrishCentral|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> The Calverts took the title [[Baron Baltimore|Barons Baltimore]] from [[Drumlish#Baltimore|Baltimore Manor]], an English [[Plantations of Ireland#Longford|Plantation estate]] they were granted in [[County Longford]], [[Ireland]].<ref name=egan /><ref>{{cite book|author=Brugger, Robert J.|title=Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634–1980|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore|year=1988|page=4|isbn=978-0-8018-3399-1}}</ref> Baltimore is an [[anglicization]] of the [[Irish language|Irish]] name ''Baile an Tí Mhóir'', meaning "town of the big house".<ref name=egan /> ===17th century=== In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was sparsely populated, if at all, by Native Americans. The Baltimore County area northward was used as hunting grounds by the [[Susquehannock]] living in the lower [[Susquehanna River]] valley. This [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian-speaking people]] "controlled all of the upper tributaries of the Chesapeake" but "refrained from much contact with [[Powhatan]] in the [[Potomac River|Potomac region]]" and south into Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hsobc.org/on-the-susquehannocks-natives-having-previously-used-what-is-now-baltimore-county-as-hunting-grounds/ |title= The Susquehannocks' Prosperity & Early European Contact |author=Adam Youssi |date=2006 |publisher=Historical Society of Baltimore County |access-date=April 28, 2015}}</ref> Pressured by the Susquehannock, the [[Piscataway tribe]], an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian-speaking people]], stayed well south of the Baltimore area and inhabited primarily the north bank of the [[Potomac River]] in what are now [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles]] and southern [[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's]] counties in the coastal areas south of the [[Atlantic Seaboard fall line|Fall Line]].<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.academia.edu/2484589 |format=PDF |title=A Place Now Known Unto Them: The Search for Zekiah Fort |journal=Site Report |page=11 |author=Alex J. Flick |date=2012 |access-date=April 28, 2015|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia |last=Murphree |first=Daniel Scott |year=2012 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-0-313-38126-3 |pages=489, 494 |access-date=April 28, 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWxg0Il8M74C&q=Maryland+Piscataway+%22war+regalia%22&pg=PA494}}</ref><ref>As depicted on a map of the Piscataway lands in Kenneth Bryson, ''Images of America: Accokeek'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2013) pp. 10–11, derived from Alice and Henry Ferguson, ''The Piscataway Indians of Southern Maryland '' (Alice Ferguson Foundation, 1960) pp. 8 (map) and 11: "By the beginning of Maryland settlement, pressure from the [[Susquehannocks]] had reduced...the Piscataway 'empire'...to a belt bordering the Potomac south of the falls and extending up the principal tributaries. Roughly, the 'empire' covered the southern half of present Prince Georges County and all, or nearly all, of Charles County."</ref> [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] of Maryland began in earnest with the arrival of the merchant ship ''[[The Ark (ship)|The Ark]]'' carrying 140 colonists at St. Clement's Island in the [[Potomac River]] on March 25, 1634.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnr.maryland.gov/publiclands/Pages/southern/stclements.aspx |title=St. Clements Island State Park |publisher=Maryland Department of Natural Resources |access-date=November 19, 2018 }}</ref> Europeans then began to settle the area further north, in what is now [[Baltimore County]].<ref name=BrooksRockel1979p1>Brooks & Rockel (1979), pp. 1–3.</ref> Since Maryland was a colony, Baltimore's streets were named to show loyalty to the mother country, e.g. King, Queen, King George and Caroline streets.<ref name="auto"/> The original [[county seat]], known today as Old Baltimore, was located on [[Bush River (Maryland)|Bush River]] within the present-day [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]].<ref>{{cite book | url = http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000075/html/am75--61.html | title = Laws of Maryland at Large, with Proper Indexes | first = Thomas | last = Bacon | author-link = Thomas Bacon (priest) | location = Annapolis | publisher = Jonas Green | year = 1765 | volume = 75 | page = 61}}</ref><ref>Brooks & Rockel (1979), pp. 17–18.</ref><ref name=RememberingOldBaltimore>{{cite news | author= Charlotte and "Doc" Cronin | url = http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/harford/aberdeen-havre-de-grace/ph-ag-doc-cronin-column-0919-20140919-story.html | title = Remembering Old Baltimore when it was near Aberdeen | work = [[The Baltimore Sun]] | date = September 19, 2014}}</ref> The colonists engaged in sporadic warfare with the Susquehannock, whose numbers dwindled primarily from new infectious diseases, such as [[smallpox]], endemic among the Europeans.<ref name=BrooksRockel1979p1 /> In 1661 David Jones claimed the area known today as [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]] on the east bank of the [[Jones Falls]] stream.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carrollmuseums.org/history/jonestownhistory.html|title=Carroll Museums: Making History Yours|work=carrollmuseums.org|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-date=July 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708084304/http://www.carrollmuseums.org/history/jonestownhistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===18th century=== {{See also|Henry Fite House}} [[File:Baltimore in 1752.png|thumb|Baltimore, then known as Baltimore Town, in 1752|alt=Open green space with sparse, nice houses, ships, and clean water]] The colonial [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly of Maryland]] created the [[Port of Baltimore]] at old Whetstone Point, now [[Locust Point, Baltimore|Locust Point]], in 1706 for the [[Tobacco in the American Colonies|tobacco trade]]. The Town of Baltimore, on the west side of the Jones Falls, was founded on August 8, 1729, when the Governor of Maryland signed an act allowing "the building of a Town on the North side of the Patapsco River." Surveyors began laying out the town on January 12, 1730. By 1752 the town had just 27 homes, including a church and two taverns.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://ghostsofbaltimore.org/2014/03/10/baltimore-history-traced-street-names/|title=Baltimore History Traced in Street Names|last=Tom|date=March 10, 2014|website=Ghosts of Baltimore |access-date=February 24, 2019}}</ref> Jonestown and Fells Point had been settled to the east. The three settlements, covering {{Convert|60|acres|ha|abbr=out}}, became a commercial hub, and in 1768 were designated as the county seat.<ref>Brooks & Rockel (1979), pp. 29–30.</ref> The first printing press was introduced to the city in 1765 by [[Nicholas Hasselbach (printer)|Nicholas Hasselbach]], whose equipment was later used in the printing of Baltimore's first newspapers, [[List of newspapers in Maryland#Defunct|''The Maryland Journal'' and ''The Baltimore Advertiser'']], first published by [[William Goddard (publisher)|William Goddard]] in 1773.<ref>[[#thomas1874a|Thomas, 1874]], p. 323</ref><ref name=wroth1938-41>[[#wroth1938|Wroth, 1938]], p. 41</ref><ref>[[#wroth1922|Wroth, 1922]], p. 114</ref> Baltimore grew swiftly in the 18th century, its plantations producing grain and tobacco for [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean]]. The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane in the Caribbean and the importation of food by planters there.<ref>{{cite news|title=History behind sugar trade, Chesapeake not always sweet|url=http://www.bayjournal.com/article/history_behind_sugar_trade_chesapeake_not_always_sweet|author=Kent Mountford|date=July 1, 2003|work=Bay Journal|access-date=February 20, 2014|archive-date=February 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226150334/http://www.bayjournal.com/article/history_behind_sugar_trade_chesapeake_not_always_sweet|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since Baltimore was the county seat, a courthouse was built in 1768 to serve both the city and county. Its square was a center of community meetings and discussions. Baltimore established its [[Baltimore Public Markets|public market system]] in 1763.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bpmarkets.com/history.html|title=History|first=Mallika|publisher=Baltimore Public Markets Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812172407/http://bpmarkets.com/history.html|archive-date=August 12, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2015|last=Sharan}}</ref> [[Lexington Market]], founded in 1782, is one of the oldest continuously operating public markets in the United States today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lexingtonmarket.com/|title=World Famous Lexington Market|author=Mallika Sharan|work=lexingtonmarket.com|access-date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> Lexington Market was also a center of slave trading. Enslaved Black people were sold at numerous sites through the downtown area, with sales advertised in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-06-20/topic/9906220293_1_slave-trade-buy-slaves-slaves-were-sold|title=The secret history of city slave trade|date=June 20, 1999 }}</ref> Both tobacco and sugar cane were labor-intensive crops. In 1774, Baltimore established the first post office system in what became the United States,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/70650/25-things-you-should-know-about-baltimore |magazine=[[Mental Floss]] |title=25 Things You Should Know About Baltimore |first=Megan |last=Thielking |date=November 10, 2015 |access-date=December 19, 2015 |quote=In 1774, the first post office in the United States was inaugurated in the city. }}</ref> and the first water company chartered in the newly independent nation, Baltimore Water Company, 1792.<ref name=firsts>{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.org/info/baltimore-firsts |title=Baltimore: A City of Firsts |work=Visit Baltimore |access-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203185423/http://baltimore.org/info/baltimore-firsts }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/chron/html/bcitychron18.html |title=Baltimore City, Maryland Historical Chronology |access-date=January 20, 2015 |publisher=Maryland State Archives |date=December 7, 2015 }}</ref> Baltimore played a part in the [[American Revolution]]. City leaders such as [[Jonathan Plowman Jr.]] led many residents to [[No taxation without representation|resist British taxes]], and merchants signed agreements refusing to trade with Britain.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/centennialoffer01nilegoog| quote=baltimore non-importation agreement.| title=Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America|author=Hezekiah Niles|publisher=A. S. Barnes & Co.| year=1876| location=New York| pages=[https://archive.org/details/centennialoffer01nilegoog/page/n268 257]–258}}</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]] met in the [[Henry Fite House]] from December 1776 to February 1777, effectively making the city the [[List of capitals in the United States|capital of the United States]] during this period.<ref>{{cite web| title=Henry Fite's House, Baltimore| url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section4| publisher=U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian| access-date=March 23, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110326035248/http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section4| archive-date=March 26, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Baltimore, [[Jonestown, Baltimore|Jonestown]], and [[Fells Point, Baltimore|Fells Point]] were [[municipal corporation|incorporated]] as the City of Baltimore in 1796–1797. ===19th century=== [[File:Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg|thumb|An American flag flying at [[Fort McHenry]] following the fort's bombing by the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[Battle of Baltimore]] in 1814 inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to write the poem that later became the "[[Star Spangled Banner]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=Maryland History in Prints 1743–1900|author=Laura Rich|page=45}}</ref>]] [[File:Balt Battle Monument 1a.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle Monument]], the official emblem of Baltimore]] [[File:Harpers 8 11 1877 6th Regiment Fighting Baltimore.jpg|thumb|The [[6th Cavalry Regiment]] fighting railroad strikers in Baltimore on July 20, 1877<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/sk7711.Html |title=The Great Strike |access-date=October 26, 2008 |work=Catskill Archive |publisher=Timothy J. Mallery | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080929031803/http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/sk7711.Html| archive-date= September 29, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>]] The city remained a part of surrounding [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore County]] and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851, after which it became an [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]].<ref name="Maryland Manual">{{cite web| url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/html/bcity.html| title=Baltimore, Maryland—Government| work=Maryland Manual On-Line: A Guide to Maryland Government| publisher=Maryland State Archives| date=October 23, 2008| access-date=October 27, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080919221820/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/36loc/bcity/html/bcity.html| archive-date= September 19, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The [[Battle of Baltimore]] against the British in 1814 inspired the U.S. national anthem, "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]", and the construction of the [[Battle Monument]], which became the city's official emblem. A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments developed. Baltimore acquired its moniker "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President [[John Quincy Adams]]. At an evening function, Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City—May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."<ref name="salgaz">{{Cite news|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:EANX&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=10C5DE501F137990&svc_dat=HistArchive:ahnpdoc&req_dat=0F418C809CE5EA70|title=Baltimore, October 17|date=October 23, 1827|access-date=October 27, 2008|work=[[Salem Gaz.|Salem Gazette]]|location=Salem, Massachusetts|page=2|url-access=subscription|via=NewsBank}}</ref><ref>William Harvey Hunter, "Baltimore Architecture in History"; in Dorsey & Dilts (1997), p. 7. "Both begun in 1815, the Battle Monument and the Washington Monument gave Baltimore its most famous sobriquet. In 1827, when bremoth of them were nearly finished, President John Quincy Adams at a big public dinner in Baltimore gave as his toast, 'Baltimore, the monumental city.' It was more than an idle comment: no other large city in America had even one substantial monument to show."</ref> Baltimore pioneered the use of [[gas lighting]] in 1816, and its population grew rapidly in the following decades, with concomitant development of culture and infrastructure. The construction of the federally funded [[National Road]], which later became part of [[U.S. Route 40]], and the private [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B. & O.) made Baltimore a major shipping and [[manufacturing]] center by linking the city with major markets in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]. By 1820 its population had reached 60,000, and its economy had shifted from its base in tobacco plantations to [[sawmilling]], [[shipbuilding]], and [[textile]] production. These industries benefited from war but successfully shifted into [[infrastructure]] development during peacetime.<ref>Townsend (2000), pp. 62–68.</ref> Baltimore had one of the worst riots of the antebellum [[Southern United States|South]] in 1835, when bad investments led to the [[Baltimore bank riot]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/34gcw3dk9780252034800.html | title=The Baltimore Bank Riot | publisher=University of Illinois Press | access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref> It was these riots that led to the city being [[nickname]]d "Mobtown".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/chron/html/chron18.html |title=Maryland Historical Chronology: 1800–1899 |date=August 24, 2021 |website=Maryland State Archives |access-date=October 13, 2021 }}</ref> Soon after the city created the world's first dental college, the [[University of Maryland School of Dentistry|Baltimore College of Dental Surgery]], in 1840, and shared in the [[Baltimore–Washington telegraph line|world's first telegraph line]], between Baltimore and [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1844. Maryland, a [[slave state]] with limited popular support for [[secession]], especially in the three counties of Southern Maryland, remained part of the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] during the [[American Civil War]], following the 55–12 vote by the Maryland General Assembly against secession. Later, the Union's strategic occupation of the city in 1861 ensured Maryland would not further consider secession.<ref>{{cite news| last=Clayton| first=Ralph| title=A bitter Inner Harbor legacy: the slave trade |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2000-07-12/news/0007120236_1_slave-pens-pratt-street-slave-trade |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |date=July 12, 2000 |access-date=July 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=McPherson| first=James M. | author-link=James M. McPherson |title=Battle Cry of Freedom |date=December 11, 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press| location=US| isbn=978-0-19-516895-2| page=287| title-link=Battle Cry of Freedom (book) }}</ref> The Union's capital of Washington, D.C. was well-situated to impede Baltimore and Maryland's communication or commerce with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. Baltimore experienced some of the first casualties of Civil War on April 19, 1861, when [[Union Army]] soldiers en route from [[President Street Station]] to [[Camden Yards]] clashed with a secessionist mob in the [[Baltimore riot of 1861|Pratt Street riot]]. In the midst of the [[Long Depression]] that followed the [[Panic of 1873]], the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] company attempted to lower its workers' wages, leading to [[Baltimore railroad strike of 1877|strikes and riots]] in the city and [[Great Railroad Strike of 1877|beyond]]. Strikers clashed with the [[United States National Guard|National Guard]], leaving 10 dead and 25 wounded.<ref>Scharf (1879), Vol. 3, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/historymaryland02thomgoog#page/n764/mode/2up 728]–742.</ref> The beginnings of [[settlement movement]] work in Baltimore were made early in 1893, when Rev. Edward A. Lawrence took up lodgings with his friend Frank Thompson, in one of the [[Mount Winans, Baltimore|Winans]] tenements, the [[Lawrence House (Baltimore)|Lawrence House]] being established shortly thereafter at 814-816 West Lombard Street.<ref name="Gavit-1897">{{cite book |last1=Gavit |first1=John Palmer |title=Bibliography of College, Social and University Settlements |date=1897 |publisher=Co-operative Press |page=24 |edition=Public domain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA24 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><ref name="WoodKennedy-1911">{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Robert Archey |last2=Kennedy |first2=Albert Joseph |title=Handbook of Settlements |date=1911 |publisher=Charities Publication Committee |edition=Public domain |pages=100–01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UNUJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA100 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> ===20th century=== [[File:Baltimore Fire 1904 - West from Pratt and Gay Streets 3a.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Baltimore Fire]] in 1904 photographed from [[Pratt Street|Pratt]] and [[Gay Street (Baltimore)|Gay]] streets in Baltimore; the fire destroyed over 1,500 Baltimore buildings in 30 hours.]] On February 7, 1904, the [[Great Baltimore Fire]] destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours, leaving more than 70 blocks of the downtown area burned to the ground. Damages were estimated at $150 million in 1904 dollars.<ref>{{cite press release|title=A Howling Inferno: The Great Baltimore Fire|date=January 12, 2004|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|url=http://www.jhu.edu/news/audio-video/fire.html|access-date=March 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719221414/http://www.jhu.edu/news/audio-video/fire.html|archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> As the city rebuilt during the next two years, lessons learned from the fire led to improvements in firefighting equipment standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firemuseummd.org/thegreatbaltimorefireof1904.htm|title=Legacy of the Fire|first=Pete|year=2009|publisher=The Fire Museum of Maryland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003121228/http://www.firemuseummd.org/thegreatbaltimorefireof1904.htm|archive-date=October 3, 2011|access-date=March 18, 2011|last=Petersen}}</ref> Baltimore lawyer Milton Dashiell advocated for an ordinance to bar African-Americans from moving into the [[Eutaw Place]] neighborhood in northwest Baltimore. He proposed to recognize majority white residential blocks and majority black residential blocks and to prevent people from moving into housing on such blocks where they would be a minority. The Baltimore Council passed the ordinance, and it became law on December 20, 1910, with Democratic [[J. Barry Mahool|Mayor J. Barry Mahool]]'s signature.<ref name=power>{{cite journal|author=Power, Garrett|title=Apartheid Baltimore Style: the Residential Segregation Ordinances of 1910–1913|journal=Maryland Law Review|volume=42|issue=2|url=http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2498&context=mlr|year=1983|pages=299–300}}</ref> The Baltimore segregation ordinance was the first of its kind in the United States. Many other southern cities followed with their own segregation ordinances, though the US Supreme Court ruled against them in ''[[Buchanan v. Warley]]'' (1917).<ref>Power (1983), p. 289.</ref> The city grew in area by annexing new suburbs from the surrounding counties through 1918, when the city acquired portions of Baltimore County and [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nVKAAAAYAAJ&q=Baltimore+City+line+1918&pg=PA769| title=The annotated code of the public civil laws of Maryland, Volume 4| editor=George P. Bagby| year=1918| publisher=King Bros., Printers and Publishers| page=769}}</ref> A state constitutional amendment, approved in 1948, required a special vote of the citizens in any proposed annexation area, effectively preventing any future expansion of the city's boundaries.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Baltimore seals its borders| last=Duffy| first=James| date=December 2007| work=[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]] | pages=124–27}}</ref> [[Streetcar]]s enabled the development of distant neighborhoods areas such as [[Edmondson, Baltimore|Edmonson Village]] whose residents could easily commute to work downtown.<ref>Orser (1994), pp. 21–30.</ref> Driven by migration from the [[deep South]] and by [[white flight|white suburbanization]], the relative size of the city's [[African American|black]] population grew from 23.8% in 1950 to 46.4% in 1970.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vhc9YTPkYwYC&pg=PA142 Alabaster cities: urban U.S. since 1950]''. John R. Short (2006). [[Syracuse University Press]]. p.142. {{ISBN|0-8156-3105-7}}</ref> Encouraged by real estate [[blockbusting]] techniques, recently settled white areas rapidly became all-black neighborhoods, in a rapid process which was nearly total by 1970.<ref>Orser (1994), pp. 84–94.</ref> The [[Baltimore riot of 1968]], coinciding with [[King assassination riots|uprisings in other cities]], followed the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] on April 4, 1968. Public order was not restored until April 12, 1968. The Baltimore uprising cost the city an estimated $10 million (US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|10|1968|r=0}}}} million in {{CURRENTYEAR}}). A total of 12,000 Maryland National Guard and federal troops were ordered into the city.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.ubalt.edu/bsr/timeline.htm| title=Baltimore '68 Events Timeline| work=Baltimore 68: riots and Rebirth| publisher=University of Baltimore Archives| access-date=January 19, 2011}}</ref> The city experienced challenges again in 1974 when teachers, [[Baltimore municipal strike of 1974|municipal workers]], and [[Baltimore police strike|police officers]] conducted strikes.<ref>Police Chief [[Donald Pomerleau]] said, "We're in a semi-riot mode, similar to the 1968 riots." See: {{cite news| title=Cops storm jail rebels; Baltimore in semi-riot state| newspaper=Chicago Tribune| date=July 14, 1974| agency=UPI| id={{ProQuest|171096090}}}}</ref> By the beginning of the 1970s, Baltimore's downtown area, known as the Inner Harbor, had been neglected and was occupied by a collection of abandoned warehouses. The nickname "Charm City" came from a 1975 meeting of advertisers seeking to improve the city's reputation.<ref name="Sandler95">{{cite news| last=Sandler| first=Gilbert| title=How the city's nickname came to be| url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-07-18/news/1995199190_1_charm-city-bill-evans-loden| access-date=August 1, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=July 18, 1995}}</ref><ref name="Sandler98">{{cite news| last=Sandler| first=Gil| title=Where did city get its charming nickname? Baltimore Glimpses| url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-08-18/news/1998230119_1_charm-city-mencken-bill-evans| access-date=August 1, 2012| newspaper=The Baltimore Sun| date=August 18, 1998}}</ref> Efforts to redevelop the area started with the construction of the [[Maryland Science Center]], which opened in 1976, the [[Baltimore World Trade Center]] (1977), and the [[Baltimore Convention Center]] (1979). [[Harborplace]], an urban retail and restaurant complex, opened on the waterfront in 1980, followed by the [[National Aquarium in Baltimore|National Aquarium]], Maryland's largest tourist destination, and the [[Baltimore Museum of Industry]] in 1981. In 1995, the city opened the [[American Visionary Art Museum]] on Federal Hill. During the [[HIV/AIDS in the United States|epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States]], [[Baltimore City Health Department]] official Robert Mehl persuaded the city's mayor to form a committee to address food problems. The Baltimore-based charity [[Moveable Feast (organization)|Moveable Feast]] grew out of this initiative in 1990.<ref name="fuller">{{cite news|url-access=subscription|access-date=October 26, 2015|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159913164.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417222638/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159913164.html|archive-date=April 17, 2016|title=Moveable Feast, which gives food to HIV/AIDS, terminally ill patients, might turn away clients|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=February 28, 2007|first=Nicole|last=Fuller}}</ref><ref name="godsend">{{cite news|access-date=October 26, 2015|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1131306.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416090514/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1131306.html|archive-date=April 16, 2016|url-access=|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Meals a Godsend To AIDS Patients;Md. Program Helps Ease Burden for Homebound|date=June 9, 1990|first=Retha|last=Hill}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite news|url=http://www.mfeast.org/about_us/history|access-date=October 26, 2015|title=History of Moveable Feast|work=About Us|publisher=Moveable Feast|date=2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918164227/http://www.mfeast.org/about_us/history}}</ref> In 1992, the [[Baltimore Orioles]] [[Major League Baseball|baseball team]] moved from [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]] to [[Oriole Park at Camden Yards]], located downtown near the harbor. [[Pope John Paul II]] held an open-air mass at Camden Yards during his papal visit to the United States in October 1995. Three years later the [[Baltimore Ravens]] [[National Football League|football team]] moved into [[M&T Bank Stadium]] next to Camden Yards.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mdstad.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26| title=Who We Are| work=Maryland Stadium Authority| access-date=October 26, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081018034743/http://www.mdstad.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26| archive-date= October 18, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Baltimore has had a [[Crime in Baltimore|high homicide rate]] for several decades, peaking in 1993, and again in 2015.<ref>Mary Rose Madden, "[http://wypr.org/post/watch-part-6-baltimores-homicide-numbers-spike-closure-rate-drops On The Watch, Part 6: Baltimore's Homicide Numbers Spike As Closure Rate Drops]"; ''WYPR'' February 18, 2016.</ref><ref>Jess Bidgood, "[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/14/us/Baltimore-homicides-record.html The Numbers Behind Baltimore's Record Year in Homicides]", ''The New York Times'', January 15, 2016.</ref> These deaths have taken an especially severe toll within the black community.<ref>Jocelyn R. Smith, "[http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302535 Unequal Burdens of Loss: Examining the Frequency and Timing of Homicide Deaths Experienced by Young Black Men Across the Life Course]"; ''American Journal of Public Health'' 105(53), July 2015; [[doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302535]].</ref> Following the [[death of Freddie Gray]] in April 2015, the city experienced [[2015 Baltimore protests|major protests]] and international media attention, as well as a clash between local youth and police that resulted in a [[state of emergency]] declaration and a curfew.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sanburn|first1=Josh|title=What's Behind Baltimore's Record-Setting Rise in Homicides|url=http://time.com/3905876/baltimore-murders-homicide-rate-record/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 2, 2015|access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> ===21st century=== Baltimore has seen the reopening of the [[Hippodrome Theatre (Baltimore)|Hippodrome Theatre]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-to.hippo25jan25-story.html |title= Hippodrome's first hurrahs |date=January 25, 2005 |access-date=April 30, 2015 |first1=J. Wynn |last1=Rousuck |first2=Edward |last2=Gunts |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun }}</ref> the opening of the [[Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture]] in 2005, and the establishment of the [[National Slavic Museum]] in 2012. On April 12, 2012, Johns Hopkins held a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of one of the United States' largest medical complexes – the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore – which features the Sheikh Zayed Cardiovascular and Critical Care Tower and The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center. The event, held at the entrance to the $1.1 billion 1.6 million-square-foot-facility, honored the many donors including [[Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan|Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], first president of the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Michael Bloomberg]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?http://www.middleeasthealthmag.com/may2012/feature1.htm |title=UAE royal family honoured at opening of new Johns Hopkins Hospital |date=May 2012 |magazine=Middle East Health |access-date=January 30, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/blog/real-estate/2012/04/photos-johns-hopkins-dedicates-11.html |title=Photos: Johns Hopkins dedicates $1.1 billion patient towers |date=April 13, 2012 |newspaper=Baltimore Business Journal |access-date=January 30, 2016 |first=Sarah |last=Gantz }}</ref> In September 2016, the Baltimore City Council approved a $660 million bond deal for the $5.5 billion [[Port Covington]] redevelopment project championed by [[Under Armour]] founder [[Kevin Plank]] and his real estate company Sagamore Development. Port Covington surpassed the Harbor Point development as the largest [[tax-increment financing]] deal in Baltimore's history and among the largest urban redevelopment projects in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/editorial/bs-ed-sagamore-20160324-story.html|title=Sagamore: A major opportunity that requires scrutiny equal in scale|date=March 24, 2016|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> The waterfront development that includes the new headquarters for Under Armour, as well as shops, housing, offices, and manufacturing spaces is projected to create 26,500 permanent jobs with a $4.3 billion annual economic impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archpaper.com/2016/09/baltimore-council-660-million-build-port-covington/|title=Baltimore city council approves $660 million for "Build Port Covington"|last=Martin|first=Olivia|date=September 22, 2016|publisher=Archpaper.com|access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref> [[Goldman Sachs]] invested $233 million into the redevelopment project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/under-armour-blog/bs-bz-port-covington-partner-20170913-story.html|title=Goldman Sachs invests $233 million in Port Covington|last=Mirabella|first=Lorraine|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=October 26, 2017|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027031221/http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/under-armour-blog/bs-bz-port-covington-partner-20170913-story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early hours of March 26, 2024, the city's {{convert|1.6|mile|km|adj=mid|-long}} [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] was struck by a container ship and [[Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse|completely collapsed]]. A major rescue operation was launched with US authorities attempting to rescue people in the water.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alonso |first1=Melissa |last2=Wolfe |first2=Elizabeth |title=Rescuers are searching for at least 7 people in the water after Baltimore bridge collapse, official says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/26/us/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-tuesday/index.html |date=March 26, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326081517/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/26/us/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-tuesday/index.html |archive-date=March 26, 2024 |access-date=March 26, 2024 |work=CNN}}</ref> Eight construction workers, who were working on the bridge at the time, fell into the [[Patapsco River]].<ref name="ap3">{{cite news |last=Skene |first=Lea |date=March 27, 2024 |title=Police had about 90 seconds to stop traffic before Baltimore bridge fell. 6 workers are feared dead |url=https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-03-27-2024-6a95340e5daeff6551fc999d23feb278 |access-date=March 27, 2024 |work=Associated Press |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329123428/https://apnews.com/article/baltimore-key-bridge-collapse-03-27-2024-6a95340e5daeff6551fc999d23feb278 |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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