Augustus

== Name ==
As a consequence of [[Roman naming conventions|Roman customs]], society, and personal preference, Augustus ({{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|ɡ|ʌ|s|t|ə|s|}} {{Respell|aw|GUST|əs|}}) was known by many names throughout his life:
* '''Gaius Octavius''' ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|k|ˈ|t|eɪ|v|i|ə|s}} {{Respell|ok|TAY|vee|əs}}, {{IPA-la|ˈɡaːiʊs ɔkˈtaːwiʊs|lang}}). According to [[Suetonius]], the [[cognomen]] '''Thurinus''' ({{IPA-la|tʰuːˈriːnʊs|lang}}, "of [[Thurii]]") was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luke |first=Trevor |date=2015 |title=Cultivating the memory of Octavius Thurinus |journal=Journal of Ancient History |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=242–266 |doi=10.1515/jah-2015-0012 |s2cid=164329002}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Cassius Dio]] instead gives him the name '''Caepias''',{{sfn|Cassius Dio||loc=''Book 45'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cassius_dio/45*.html#1 1]}} probably a corruption of "Caesar".}} Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival [[Mark Antony]] referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, he merely said he was surprised that "using his old name was thought to be an insult".{{sfn|Suetonius||loc=''Augustus'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Augustus*.html#7 7]}}{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|2014}}
* '''Gaius Julius Caesar'''. After his adoption by [[Julius Caesar]] on the latter's death in 44 BC, he took from Caesar's name,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Levick |first=Barbara |title=A Companion to Julius Caesar |publisher=Blackwell |year=2009 |editor-last=Griffin |editor-first=Miriam |location=Oxford |pages=209 |chapter=Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors}}</ref> but was often distinguished by historians from his adoptive father by the addition "Octavianus" ({{IPA-la|ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs|lang}}) after the name, denoting that he was a former member of the [[Octavia gens|gens Octavia]]. In English he is mainly known by the [[Anglicisation|anglicization]] "Octavian" ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|k|ˈ|t|eɪ|v|i|ə|n}} {{Respell|ok|TAY|vee|ən}}) for the period between 44 and 27 BC.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shelton |first=Jo-Ann |title=As the Romans Did |date=1998 |page=58 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
* '''Imperator Caesar'''. Octavian's early coins and inscriptions all refer to him simply as Gaius Caesar, but by 38 BC he had replaced "Gaius" with the victory title ''[[imperator]]'' ("commander").<ref>{{Citation |last=Hammond |first=Mason |title=Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire |date=1957 |work=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=25 |page=[[iarchive:memoirsofamerica25ameruoft/page/20|21]] n. 1}}</ref>{{Sfn|Syme|1958|pages=176, 179, 181–183, 185}} Occasionally the epithet ''[[divi filius]]'' or {{Lang|la|divi Iuli(i) filius}} ("son of the divine Julius") was included, alluding to Julius Caesar's deification in 42 BC.{{Sfn|Syme|1958|pages=175, 179}}
* '''Imperator Caesar Augustus'''. On 16 January 27 BC, partly on his own insistence, the Roman Senate granted him the honorific [[Augustus (title)|Augustus]] ({{IPA-la|au̯ˈɡʊstʊs|lang}}). Historians use this name to refer to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.<ref>{{Cite news |title=40 maps that explain the Roman Empire |work=Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/8/19/5942585/40-maps-that-explain-the-roman-empire |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054214/https://www.vox.com/2014/8/19/5942585/40-maps-that-explain-the-roman-empire |url-status=live}}</ref> The name is sometimes given as "Augustus Caesar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |date=2018 |title=Augustus |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/ |access-date= |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628004859/https://www.worldhistory.org/augustus/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rattini |first=Kristin |date=2019 |title=Augustus Caesar |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/augustus-caesar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171723/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/augustus-caesar |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date= |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=}}</ref>