Apartheid

== Precursors ==
{{Main|History of South Africa (1815–1910)|History of South Africa (1910–1948)}}
''Apartheid'' is an [[Afrikaans]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid' |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221846/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart", literally "[[wikt:apart#English|apart]] [[wikt:-hood#English|-hood]]" (from the Afrikaans suffix ''-heid'').<ref>Shore, Megan. ''Religion and Conflict Resolution: Christianity and South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission''. Ashgate Publishing, 2009. p. 36</ref><ref>Nancy L. Clarkson & William H. Worger. ''South Africa: The Rise and Fall of ''. Routledge, 2013. Chapter 3: The Basis of Apartheid.</ref> Its first recorded use was in 1929.<ref name="Routledge" />

Racial discrimination and inequality against black people in South Africa dates to the beginning of large-scale European colonisation of South Africa with the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s establishment of a trading post in the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1652, which eventually expanded into the [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. The company began the [[Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars]] in which it displaced the local [[Khoikhoi people]], replaced them with farms worked by [[White South Africans|white settlers]], and imported Black slaves from across the [[Dutch Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Nancy |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317220336 |title=South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid |last2=Worger |first2=William |date=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-62156-2 |edition=3 |location=New York |pages=11–12 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315621562}}</ref> In the days of [[Slavery in South Africa|slavery]], slaves required passes to travel away from their masters.

In 1797, the ''[[Landdrost#South Africa|Landdrost]]'' and [[Heemraad|''Heemraden'']], local officials, of [[Swellendam]] and [[Graaff-Reinet]] extended [[pass laws]] beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi (designated as ''Hottentots'') moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes.<ref name="Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents">{{cite book |title=Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents |author=A. Du Toit, H.B. Giliomee |isbn=978-0-520-04319-0 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1983 }}</ref> This was confirmed by the [[British Cape Colony|British Colonial government]] in 1809 by the [[Hottentot Proclamation]], which decreed that if a Khoikhoi were to move they would need a pass from their master or a local official.<ref name="Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents" /> Ordinance No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the sole purpose of seeking work.<ref name="Afrikaner political thought: analysis and documents" /> These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi but not for other Africans, who were still forced to carry passes.

During the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]], the [[British Empire]] captured and annexed the Dutch Cape Colony.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|p=12}} Under the [[Battle of Blaauwberg#Articles of Capitulation|1806 Cape Articles of Capitulation]] the new British colonial rulers were required to respect previous legislation enacted under [[Roman-Dutch law]],<ref name="Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law">{{cite web |author=R.W Lee |title=Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press}}</ref> and this led to a separation of the law in South Africa from [[English Common Law]] and a high degree of legislative autonomy. The governors and assemblies that governed the legal process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire.

The United Kingdom's [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act, the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835, which effectively changed the status of slaves to [[Indentured servitude|indentured labourers]]. This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]] that was little different from slavery.

The various South African colonies passed legislation throughout the rest of the 19th century to limit the freedom of unskilled workers, to increase the restrictions on indentured workers and to regulate the relations between the races. The discoveries of diamonds and gold in South Africa also raised racial inequality between white people and black people.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|p=14}}

In the [[Cape Colony]], which previously had a liberal and multi-racial constitution and a system of [[Cape Qualified Franchise]] open to men of all races, the [[Franchise and Ballot Act]] of 1892 raised the [[Property qualification|property franchise qualification]] and added an educational element, disenfranchising a disproportionate number of the Cape's non-white voters,<ref>Gish, Steven (2000). ''Alfred B. Xuma: African, American, South African.'' New York University Press. p. 8.</ref> and the [[Glen Grey Act]] of 1894 instigated by the government of Prime Minister [[Cecil Rhodes]] limited the amount of land Africans could hold. Similarly, in [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], the [[Natal Legislative Assembly Bill]] of 1894 deprived Indians of the right to vote.<ref>Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). ''Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5.'' Popular Prakashan. p. 142.</ref> In 1896 the [[South African Republic]] brought in two pass laws requiring Africans to carry a badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand, and those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kiloh|first1=Margaret|last2=Sibeko|first2=Archie|title=A Fighting Union|date=2000|publisher=Ravan Press|location=Randburg|isbn=0869755277|page=1}}</ref> During the [[Second Boer War]] the British Empire cited racial exploitation of blacks as a cause for its war against the [[Boer republics]]. However, the peace negotiations for the [[Treaty of Vereeniging]] demanded "the just predominance of the white race" in South Africa as a precondition for the Boer republics unifying with the British Empire.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|pp=16–17}}

In 1905 the [[General Pass Regulations Act]] denied Black people the vote and limited them to fixed areas,<ref>{{cite book|last=Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development|first=John Allen|title=Apartheid South Africa : an insider's view of the origin and effects of separate development|publisher=iUniverse, Inc|year=2005|isbn=978-0595355518|location=New York|page=267}}</ref> and in 1906 the [[Asiatic Registration Act]] of the [[Transvaal Colony]] required all Indians to register and carry passes.<ref>{better source needed} Nojeim, Michael J. (2004). ''Gandhi and King: the power of nonviolent resistance.'' Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 127.</ref> Beginning in 1906 the South African Native Affairs Commission under [[Godfrey Lagden]] began implementing a more openly segregationist policy towards nonwhites.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|p=17}} The latter was repealed by the British government but re-enacted in 1908. In 1910, the [[Union of South Africa]] was created as a self-governing [[dominion]], which continued the legislative program: the [[South Africa Act 1909|South Africa Act]] (1910) enfranchised white people, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of Black people to sit in parliament;<ref name="leach">Leach, Graham (1986). ''South Africa: no easy path to peace.'' Routledge. p. 68.</ref> the [[Natives Land Act, 1913|Native Land Act]] (1913) prevented Black people, except those in the Cape, from buying land outside "reserves";<ref name="leach" /> the Natives in Urban Areas Bill (1918) was designed to force Black people into "locations";<ref>Tankard, Keith (9 May 2004). [http://www.knowledge4africa.com/worldhistory/proto-apartheid09.htm Chapter 9 The Natives (Urban Areas) Act] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120022848/http://www.knowledge4africa.com/worldhistory/proto-apartheid09.htm |date=20 November 2008 }} . Rhodes University. knowledge4africa.com.</ref> the Urban Areas Act (1923) introduced residential segregation and provided cheap labour for industry led by white people; the Colour Bar Act (1926) prevented black mine workers from practising skilled trades; the [[Native Administration Act, 1927|Native Administration Act]] (1927) made the [[The Crown|British Crown]] rather than [[paramount chief]]s the supreme head over all African affairs;<ref>Baroness Young – Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (4 July 1986). [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1986/jul/04/south-africa#S5LV0477P0_19860704_HOL_99 South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc 1159–250] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326134600/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1986/jul/04/south-africa#S5LV0477P0_19860704_HOL_99 |date=26 March 2016 }}. Hansard.</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2015}} the Native Land and Trust Act (1936) complemented the 1913 Native Land Act and, in the same year, the [[Representation of Natives Act, 1936|Representation of Natives Act]] removed previous black voters from the Cape [[Electoral roll|voters' roll]] and allowed them to elect three whites to Parliament.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/representation-of-natives-act.htm The Representation of Natives Act]. sahistory.org {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013060416/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/representation-of-natives-act.htm |date=13 October 2006 }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2015}}

The [[United Party (South Africa)|United Party]] government of [[Jan Smuts]] began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II, but faced growing opposition from [[Afrikaner nationalism|Afrikaner nationalists]] who wanted stricter segregation.<ref>Ambrosio, Thomas (2002). ''Ethnic identity groups and U.S. foreign policy.'' Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56–57.</ref>{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|p=26}} Post-war, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Smuts' government was the [[Asiatic Land Tenure and Indian Representation Act, 1946|Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946)]], which banned land sales to Indians and Indian descendent South Africans.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948|title = Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948|date = n.d.|access-date = 23 February 2015|website = sahistory.org.za|publisher = SA History|last = Reddy|first = E.S|archive-date = 23 February 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948|url-status = live}}</ref> The same year, the government established the [[Fagan Commission]]. Amid fears [[Racial integration|integration]] would eventually lead to racial assimilation, the Opposition [[Herenigde Nasionale Party]] (HNP) established the [[Sauer Commission]] to investigate the effects of the United Party's policies. The commission concluded that integration would bring about a "loss of personality" for all racial groups. The HNP incorporated the commission's findings into its campaign platform for the [[1948 South African general election]], which it won.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}