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Do not fill this in! ==Overview== [[File:Queen Victoria - Winterhalter 1859.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Queen Victoria]] of Great Britain.]] The first [[electronics]] appeared in the 19th century, with the introduction of the [[Relay#History|electric relay]] in 1835, the [[telegraph]] and its [[Morse code]] protocol in 1837, the first telephone call in 1876,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_1.html|title=The First Telephone Call|website=www.americaslibrary.gov|access-date=2015-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022110620/http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/recon/jb_recon_telephone_1.html|archive-date=2015-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref> and the first functional [[light bulb]] in 1878.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/12/1218joseph-swan-electric-bulb/|title=Dec. 18, 1878: Let There Be Light — Electric Light|date=18 December 2009|magazine=WIRED|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021003405/https://www.wired.com/2009/12/1218joseph-swan-electric-bulb/|archive-date=21 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating [[Discovery (observation)#In science|scientific discovery]] and [[invention]], with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005042/http://corporate.britannica.com/press/inventions.html Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> The [[Industrial Revolution]] began in Great Britain and spread to continental Europe, North America, and Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.about.com/od/industrialrev/a/indrevoverview.htm |title=The United States and the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century |publisher=Americanhistory.about.com |date=2012-09-18 |access-date=2012-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095536/http://americanhistory.about.com/od/industrialrev/a/indrevoverview.htm |archive-date=2012-07-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Victorian era]] was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines, as well as strict [[social norm]]s regarding modesty and gender roles.<ref>Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313022018/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html |date=2008-03-13 }}</ref> Japan embarked on a program of rapid modernization following the [[Meiji Restoration]], before defeating China, under the [[Qing dynasty]], in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. [[History of medicine#19th century: rise of modern medicine|Advances in medicine]] and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating [[population growth]] in the [[Western world]]. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change |title= Modernization – Population Change |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406074344/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change |archive-date=April 6, 2009}}</ref> The introduction of [[Rail transport|railroads]] provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fuelling major [[urbanization]] movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London became the world's [[List of largest cities throughout history|largest city]] and capital of the British Empire. Its population increased from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], were [[Exploration|explored]] during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. [[Liberalism]] became the pre-eminent [[reform movement]] in Europe.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339173/liberalism/237346/Liberalism-in-the-19th-century Liberalism in the 19th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218233116/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339173/liberalism/237346/Liberalism-in-the-19th-century |date=2009-02-18 }}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica.''</ref> [[File:Slaves ruvuma.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Arab slave trade]]rs and their captives along the Ruvuma river (in today's Tanzania and Mozambique), 19th century]] [[Slavery]] was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful [[Haitian Revolution|slave revolt in Haiti]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] and France stepped up the battle against the [[Barbary pirates]] and succeeded in stopping their enslavement of Europeans. The UK's [[Slavery Abolition Act]] charged the British [[Royal Navy]] with ending the global [[History of slavery|slave trade]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108141034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2007/03/20/abolition_navy_feature.shtml |date=2009-01-08 }}. ''BBC.''</ref> The first colonial empire in the century to abolish slavery was the British, who did so in 1834. America's [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] following their [[American Civil War|Civil War]] abolished slavery there in 1865, and in [[Lei Áurea|Brazil]] slavery was abolished in 1888 (see [[abolitionism]]). Similarly, [[serfdom]] was abolished in [[Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia|Russia]] in 1861. The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new [[Settler|settlement]] foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. [[Chicago]] in the [[United States]] and [[Melbourne]] in Australia were non-existent in the earliest decades but grew to become the 2nd largest cities in the United States and British Empire respectively by the end of the century. In the 19th century, approximately 70 million people left Europe, with most migrating to the United States.<ref>[http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1118_0_5_0 The Atlantic: Can the US afford immigration?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704173521/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1118_0_5_0 |date=2010-07-04 }}. ''Migration News''. December 1996.</ref> The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development, and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. [[Association football]], [[rugby union]], [[baseball]], and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as [[cricket]] to many different parts of the world. Also, [[1890s in Western fashion|women's fashion]] was a very sensitive topic during this time, as women showing their ankles was viewed to be scandalous. [[File:Europe 1815 map en.png|thumb|200px|The boundaries set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815.]] It also marks the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] of the [[Balkans]] which led to the creation of [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] as a result of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|second Russo-Turkish War]], which in itself followed the great [[Crimean War]]. ===Eras=== [[File:World 1898 empires colonies territory.png|thumb|250px|Map of the world from 1897. The [[British Empire]] (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.]] *[[Industrial revolution]] *[[European imperialism]] *[[British Regency]], [[Victorian era]] (UK, [[British Empire]]) *[[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], [[July Monarchy]], [[French Second Republic]], [[Second French Empire]], [[French Third Republic]] ([[France in the nineteenth century|France]]) *[[Belle Époque]] (Europe) *[[Edo period]], [[Meiji period]] (Japan) *[[Qing dynasty]] (China) *[[Nguyen dynasty]] (Vietnam) *[[Joseon]] dynasty (Korea) *[[Zulu Kingdom]] (South Africa) *[[Tanzimat]], [[First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|First Constitutional Era]] ([[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]) *[[Russian Empire]] *[[Manifest Destiny|American Manifest Destiny]], [[Antebellum South|Antebellum Era]], [[Gilded Age|The Gilded Age]], [[American frontier|Wild West]], [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] (United States) Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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