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''Historical Status of Tibet'', [[Columbia University Press]], p. 179.</ref><ref>Bell, Charles, "''Portrait of the Dalai Lama''", p. 399.</ref><ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C. Goldstein, ''A history of modern Tibet'', pp. 315–317.</ref>}} or Chija Tagtser,<ref>''A 60-Point Commentary on the Chinese Government Publication: A Collection of Historical Archives of Tibet'', DIIR Publications, Dharamsala, November 2008: "Chija Tagtser born holy precious child Lhamo Dhondup ... the holy reincarnate child in Chija Tagtser."</ref>{{efn|{{zh |s = 红崖村 |p = Hóngyá Cūn |l = Redcliff Village }}}} at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of [[Amdo]] in [[Qinghai Province]].<ref name="Laird">Thomas Laird, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=As_4aQjGaUEC The Story of Tibet. Conversations with the Dalai Lama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328121334/https://books.google.com/books?id=As_4aQjGaUEC |date=28 March 2024 }}'', [[Grove Press]]: New York, 2006.</ref> He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister [[Tsering Dolma]], was 16 years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 14th Dalai Lama|last=Stewart|first=Whitney|date=2000|publisher=Lerner Publications Co|isbn=0-8225-9691-1|location=Minneapolis|oclc=44627126}}</ref> She would accompany him into exile and found [[Tibetan Children's Villages]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kundun : une biographie du Dalaï-Lama et de sa famille|last=Craig|first=Mary|date=1998|publisher=Presses du Châtelet|others=Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho, Dalai Lama XIV, 1935–, Vidonne, François|isbn=2-911217-33-0|location=[S.l.]|oclc=40821251}}</ref> His eldest brother, [[Thupten Jigme Norbu]], had been recognised at the age of three by the [[13th Dalai Lama]] as the reincarnation of the high [[Lama]], the 6th [[Taktser Rinpoche]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gittings|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/08/tibet|title=Obituary:Thubten Jigme Norbu|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 September 2008|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130435/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/08/tibet|url-status=live}}</ref> His fifth brother, [[Tendzin Choegyal]], had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} His sister, [[Jetsun Pema (activist)|Jetsun Pema]], spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken [[Xining]] language which was (a [[varieties of Chinese|dialect of]]) the [[Central Plains Mandarin|Chinese language]]," a form of [[Central Plains Mandarin]], and his family speak neither [[Amdo Tibetan]] nor [[Lhasa Tibetan]].<ref>Thomas Laird, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301214917/https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC |date=1 March 2020 }}, p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct{{nbsp}}..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ |title = The economist, Volume 390, Issues 8618–8624 |year = 2009 |publisher = Economist Newspaper Ltd. |page = 144 |access-date = 14 August 2015 |archive-date = 3 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103010505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 Politically incorrect tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053755/http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 |date=6 March 2016 }}, ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref> [[File:The 14th Dalal Lama as a child, 1940s.jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama as a child]] After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management{{efn|{{lang-zh|管理喇嘛寺廟條例}}}}<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |trans-title=Regulations on the Management of Lama Temples |wslink=管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |date= 1935 |language=zh |wslanguage=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100005 |script-title=zh:廢 管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |date=11 June 1992 |website=Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China |trans-title=Abolish the Regulations on Management of Lama Temples |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070222/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100005 |url-status=live }}</ref> was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas{{efn|{{lang-zh|喇嘛轉世辦法}}}}<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=喇嘛轉世辦法 |trans-title=Lama reincarnation method |wslink=喇嘛轉世辦法 |date= 1936|language=zh |wslanguage=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100011 |script-title=zh:廢 喇嘛轉世辦法 |trans-title=Abolish the method of reincarnation |date=20 February 1993 |website=Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070220/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100011 |url-status=live }}</ref> was published by the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the [[sitting-in-the-bed]] ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the [[Qianlong Emperor]] described in [[The Discourse of Lama]] to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas.<ref>去转生一族之私</ref> Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new [[incarnation]] when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.<ref name=bell397>Bell 1946, p. 397.</ref> [[Sir Basil Gould]], British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir [[Charles Alfred Bell]], former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Among other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the [[13th Dalai Lama]], at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The [[Regent]], [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], shortly afterwards had a [[vision (religion)|vision]] at the [[sacred lake]] of [[Lhamo La-tso]] which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang [[Rinpoche]], went first to meet the [[Thubten Choekyi Nyima, ninth Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]], who had been stuck in [[Jyekundo]], in northern Kham.<ref name=bell397 /> The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265">Laird 2006, p. 265.</ref> He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great [[Kumbum Monastery]] with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.<ref name=bell397 /><ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of [[Taktser]] stood right on the "real border" between the region of [[Amdo]] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old [[Buddhist prayer beads|mala]] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref> [[File:DLHaus.jpg|thumb|House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born in [[Taktser]], [[Amdo]]]] From 1936 the Hui '[[Ma Clique]]' Muslim warlord [[Ma Bufang]] ruled [[Qinghai]] as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36|title=Beyond the Great Wall: urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers|author=Piper Rae Gaubatz|year=1996|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|page=36|isbn=0-8047-2399-0|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208213215/https://books.google.com/books?id=drGGEsi1fFEC&q=ma+bufang+paintings&pg=PA36|url-status=live}}</ref> According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had [[Sino-Tibetan War|seized this north-east corner of Amdo]] in the name of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of [[Qinghai]].<ref>Laird 2006, p. 262.</ref> Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects.<ref name="Laird 2006, p. 265" /> When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining.<ref>Mullin 2001, p. 459.</ref> He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge.<ref name=bell398>Bell 1946, p. 398.</ref> Ma Bufang, together with [[Kumbum Monastery]], then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared among them, to let them go to Lhasa.<ref name=bell398 /><ref>Richardson 1984, p. 152.</ref> Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: 100,000 each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; 20,000 for the escort; and only 10,000 for Ma Bufang himself, he said.<ref>Bell 1946, pp. 398–399.</ref> Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 /> On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] that 3 candidates were found and ceremony of [[Golden Urn]] would be held in Tibet.<ref>[https://www.taoshumi.com/subject/D5/1995/524718.html]{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} 1938年9月22日,西藏驻京办事处代表阿旺桑丹、格登恪典、图丹桑结等电告蒙藏委员会报告寻获灵儿,并将其送西藏掣签认定,电称:"达赖佛转世事,经民众代表寻访结果,西藏内部寻得灵异幼童2名,西宁塔尔寺方面寻得灵异幼童1名。依照西藏宗教仪式,所寻选之幼童应聚集西藏,降驾掣签,认定真正达赖之转世,既多灵异后,复经庄严之金本巴瓶内典礼拈之。现典礼期将近,关于西宁塔尔寺地方所寻选者,请中央政府俯允该主持人员,迅将寻选幼童送至西藏,参加典礼并恳发给执照,以利行程。" On 22 September 1938, representatives of Tibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission via telegraph which says "as for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, as a result of a search by representatives of the people, two supernatural children were found in Tibet, and one supernatural child was found in Xining. According to Tibetan religious ceremonies, the selected young children should gather in Tibet, Golden Urn ceremony should be held, and determine that the true reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. The ceremony is approaching. Regarding the candidates for the Taer Monastery in Xining, the central government is requested to host, and promptly send the selected children to Tibet, participate in the ceremony and issue approval to facilitate the itinerary."</ref> In October 1938, the Method of Using [[Golden Urn]] for the 14th Dalai Lama was drafted by [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]].<ref>https://www.sohu.com/a/461098896_523177 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001024741/https://www.sohu.com/a/461098896_523177 |date=1 October 2022 }} 蒙藏委员会于1938年10月拟定了《十四世达赖喇嘛转世掣签征认办法》The Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission drafted the "Method of Using Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama" in October 1938.</ref> On 12 December 1938, regent [[Reting Rinpoche]] informed [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] that three candidates were found and ceremony of [[Golden Urn]] would be held.<ref>{{citation |script-title=zh:1938年12月12日热振摄政致蒙藏委员会电报称“达赖大师转世之化身三灵儿,已蒙转电青海省政府督促纪仓佛速将西宁所选灵儿送来拉萨,良深感慰。所有中央派员参加办法一则,业经与司伦、噶厦商议,三灵儿迎到后,举行掣签典礼之际,为昭大信,悦遐迩计,中央当派员参加。” |trans-title=For the three candidates of reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, request has been sent to the Qinghai Provincial Government to urge to send candidate of Xining to Lhasa, which is deeply gratified. All members of the Central Committee, along with Kashag, when three candidates arrived, lottery ceremony would be held, the Central (Government) should dispatch officials to participate. }}</ref> Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now four years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the [[Kashag]], and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 268–269.</ref> The ordination ([[pabbajja]]) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged by [[Reting Rinpoche]] and according to the Dalai Lama "I received my ordination from [[Ling Rinpoche|Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché]] in the Jokhang in Lhasa."<ref>{{cite news |title=Avalokiteshvara Empowerment - Second Day |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2022/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-second-day |access-date=9 June 2022 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602162848/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2022/avalokiteshvara-empowerment-second-day |url-status=live }}</ref> There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time.<ref name="Banyan">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn|title=The Golden Urn: Even China Accepts That Only the Dalai Lama Can Legitimise Its Rule in Tibet|last=Banyan|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2015|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930035821/https://www.economist.com/news/china/21646795-even-china-accepts-only-dalai-lama-can-legitimise-its-rule-tibet-golden-urn|url-status=live}}</ref> The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and [[Serfdom in Tibet controversy|serf]] holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Melvyn C. Goldstein |editor1-last=Tuttle |editor1-first=Gray |editor2-last=Schaeffer |editor2-first=Kurtis R. |title=The Tibetan History Reader |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-14468-1 |page=482 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REweJ02Xel8C |access-date=17 February 2022 |chapter=The Circulation of Estates in Tibet: Reincarnation, Land, and Politics |quote=The corporations of the regents were not the only ones to acquire numerous estates and serfs. So too did the families of the Dalai Lamas. The (natal) family of the Dalai Lama was "ennobled" and became a part of the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy. Each such family received estates sufficient to match, on an economic scale, their newly found social status...Certainly [the family of the fourteenth Dalai Lama] acquired huge land and serf holdings. |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023050422/https://books.google.com/books?id=REweJ02Xel8C |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's [[Jokhang]] Temple during the annual [[Monlam Prayer Festival]].{{Efn|It has been noted that two of the examining debate partners of the 14th Dalai Lama were [[Kyabje Choden Rinpoche]] of [[Sera monastery]] (Jey College), who debated with him on the topic of the [[two truths doctrine]] ({{bo |w = bden pa gnyis, }}) and [[Khyongla Rato|Khyongla Rato Rinpoche]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.kurukulla.org/program/choden_articles/debating.html |title = Debating with the Dalai Lama |access-date = 24 January 2019 |archive-date = 12 October 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201012090001/http://www.kurukulla.org/program/choden_articles/debating.html |url-status = live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vreeland |first1=Khen Rinpoche Nicholas |title=Rinpoche has Departed, A prayer for a Swift Return composed by His Holiness the Dalai Lama |url=https://nicholasvreeland.com/blog/2022/6/1/rinpoche-has-departed |website=nicholasvreeland.com |date=June 2022 |publisher=Office of His Holiness the Dalia Lama |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601150803/https://nicholasvreeland.com/blog/2022/6/1/rinpoche-has-departed |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed with honours and was awarded the [[Geshe|Lharampa degree]], the highest-level ''[[geshe]]'' degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in [[Buddhist philosophy]].<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |title = Profile: The Dalai Lama |work = BBC News |date = 25 February 2009 |access-date = 31 December 2009 |archive-date = 23 April 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423190123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1347735.stm |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite book |last = Cronin Marcello |first = Patricia |title = The Dalai Lama: A Biography |publisher = Greenwood Press |year = 2003 |url = https://archive.org/details/dalailamabiograp00patr |url-access = registration |isbn = 978-0-313-32207-5 |access-date = 5 December 2010 }}</ref> The Dalai Lama, whose name means "Ocean of Wisdom," is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, "The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master;" Kundun, "The Presence;" and Yizhin Norbu, "The Wish-Fulfilling Gem." His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him ''His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', the [[style (manner of address)|style]] employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], Tathag Rinpoche, [[Ling Rinpoche]] and lastly [[Trijang Rinpoche]], who became junior tutor when he was 19<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. |url=https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta|url-access=registration|date = 1990 |publisher = HarperCollins|location=New York, NY |isbn = 0-06-039116-2 |page = [https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta/page/18 18]|edition=1st}}</ref> At the age of 11 he met the [[Austrians|Austrian]] mountaineer [[Heinrich Harrer]], who became his [[videographer]] and tutor about the world outside [[Lhasa]]. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.<ref>{{cite video |people = Peter Graves (host) |date = 26 April 2005 |title = Dalai Lama: Soul of Tibet |publisher = [[A&E Television Networks]]|time=08:00}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page