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Do not fill this in! ===Japanese rule (1895–1945)=== {{Main|Taiwan under Japanese rule}} Following the Qing defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895), Taiwan, its associated islands, and the Penghu archipelago were ceded to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] by the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].<ref name="ShimonosekiROC">{{cite web |url=http://libdb1.npm.gov.tw/ttscgi/capimg2.exe?20:268540019:910000115001-0-0.pdf |title=Treaty of Peace between China and Japan (Treaty of Shimonoseki) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=17 April 1895 |website=Ch'ing Dynasty Treaties and Agreements Preserved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=National Palace Museum |script-quote=zh:中國將管理下開地方之權並將該地方所有堡壘軍器工廠及一切屬公物件永遠讓於日本{{nbsp}}... 台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿{{nbsp}}... 澎湖列岛 |trans-quote=China shall yield to Japan in perpetuity the rights to administer the following regions as well as all fortresses, munition factories, and public properties thereof{{nbsp}}... the entire island of Taiwan and all appertaining islands{{nbsp}}... Penghu archipelago |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212021/http://libdb1.npm.gov.tw/ttscgi/capimg2.exe?20:268540019:910000115001-0-0.pdf }}.</ref> Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects had to move to mainland China within a two-year grace period, which few saw as feasible.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Ryōtarō|last1=Shiba|author-link=Ryōtarō Shiba|script-title=ja:台湾紀行: 街道をゆく〈40〉|language=ja |title=Taiwan kikō: kaidō o yuku yonjū |date=1995|publisher=Asahi Shinbunsha|isbn=978-4-02-256808-3}}</ref> Estimates say around 4,000 to 6,000 departed before the expiration of the grace period, and 200,000 to 300,000 followed during the subsequent disorder.{{sfn|Wang|2006|p=95}}{{sfnp|Davidson|1903|p=561}}{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=208}} On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the [[Republic of Formosa]] to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895.<ref>{{cite book | title=Memories of the future: national identity issues and the search for a new Taiwan | editor-first=Stéphane | editor-last=Corcuff | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7656-0792-8 | chapter=The Taiwan Republic of 1895 and the failure of the Qing modernizing project | first=Andrew | last=Morris | pages=3–24 }}</ref> About 6,000 inhabitants died in the initial fighting and some 14,000 died in the first year of Japanese rule. Another 12,000 "bandit-rebels" were killed from 1898 to 1902.{{sfn|Rubinstein|1999|p=207}}{{sfn|Chang|2003|p=56}}<ref name = msu>{{cite web | title = History of Taiwan | work = Windows on Asia | publisher = Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122350/http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/Taiwan/history.html| url = http://www.asia.msu.edu/eastasia/Taiwan/history.html |archive-date=1 September 2006| access-date = 3 December 2014 }}</ref> Subsequent rebellions against the Japanese (the [[Beipu uprising]] of 1907, the [[Tapani incident]] of 1915, and the [[Wushe incident|Musha incident]] of 1930) were unsuccessful but demonstrated opposition to Japanese rule. [[File:Taiwan Seito Wanli Factory 1930s.jpg|thumb|A sugarcane mill and [[Taiwan Sugar Railways|its railways]] in Tainan in the 1930s]] The colonial period was instrumental to the industrialization of the island, with its expansion of railways and other transport networks, the building of an extensive sanitation system, the establishment of a formal [[education in Taiwan|education system]], and an end to the practice of [[headhunting]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hsu|first=Mutsu|year=1991|title=Culture, Self and Adaptation: The Psychological Anthropology of Two Malayo-Polynesian Groups in Taiwan|publisher=Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica|isbn=978-957-9046-78-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Going to school in East Asia | editor1-first=Gerard A. | editor1-last=Postiglione | editor2-first=Jason | editor2-last=Tan | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-313-33633-1 | chapter=Schooling in Taiwan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419122101/http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~iaezcpc/Going%20to%20School%20in%20East%20Asia%20--%20SCHOOLING%20IN%20TAIWAN.htm| chapter-url=http://www3.nccu.edu.tw/~iaezcpc/Going%20to%20School%20in%20East%20Asia%20--%20SCHOOLING%20IN%20TAIWAN.htm|archive-date=19 April 2010 | first1=Chuing Prudence | last1=Chou | first2=Ai-Hsin | last2=Ho | pages=344–377 }}</ref> The resources of Taiwan were used to aid the development of Japan. The production of [[cash crops]] such as sugar greatly increased, and large areas were therefore diverted from the production of rice.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=39}} By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh-greatest sugar producer in the world.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2001 |date=2001 |chapter=History |chapter-url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027032513/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm |archive-date=27 October 2003 |publisher=Government Information Office}}</ref> The Han and Indigenous populations were classified as second- and third-class citizens, and many prestigious government and business positions were closed to them.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=48}} After suppressing Han guerrillas in the first decade of their rule, Japanese authorities engaged in bloody campaigns against the Indigenous people residing in mountainous regions, culminating in the Musha Incident of 1930.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tropics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame |first=Robert |last=Tierney |publisher=University of California Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-520-94766-5 |pages=8–9 }}</ref> Intellectuals and laborers who participated in left-wing movements were also arrested and massacred (e.g. [[Chiang Wei-shui]] and [[Masanosuke Watanabe]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=吕 |first=正惠 |date=18 November 2014 |title= |script-title=zh:吕正惠:战后台湾左翼思想状况漫谈一——日本剥削下的台湾社会 |url=http://www.guancha.cn/Lv-Zhenghui/2014_10_18_277323.shtml |website=观察者}}</ref> Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide [[Japanization|assimilation project]].<ref name="taiwanpedia">{{Cite web |last=Tsai |first=Chintang |date=2011 |title=Kominka Movement |url=http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3803 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130731160817/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=3803 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |website=Encyclopedia of Taiwan}}</ref> Chinese-language newspapers and curriculums were abolished. Taiwanese music and theater were outlawed. A national [[State Shinto|Shinto]] religion was promoted in parallel with the suppression of traditional Taiwanese beliefs. Starting from 1940, families were also required to adopt [[Japanese surname]]s, although only 2% had done so by 1943.<ref name="taiwanpedia" /> By 1938, 309,000 Japanese were residing in Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Formosa (Taiwan) Under Japanese Rule|first=A. J.|last=Grajdanzev|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=15|year=1942|pages=311–324|jstor=2752241|issue=3|doi=10.2307/2752241}}</ref> During the Second World War, the island was developed into a naval and air base while its agriculture, industry, and commerce suffered.{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=110}}{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=47}} Air attacks and the subsequent invasion of the [[Philippines]] were launched from Taiwan. The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] operated heavily from Taiwanese ports, and its think tank "[[Nanshin-ron#Theoretical development|South Strike Group]]" was based at [[Taihoku Imperial University]]. Military bases and industrial centers, such as [[Kaohsiung]] and [[Keelung]], became targets of heavy [[Raid on Taipei|Allied bombings]], which destroyed many of the factories, dams, and transport facilities built by the Japanese.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Shu LinKou Air Station: World War II: U.S. Bombing Raids on Linkou and Taiwan |url=http://shulinkou.tripod.com/dawg2e.html |website=Shulinkou Air Station Taiwan}}</ref>{{sfnp|Ballantine|1952|p=47}} In October 1944, the [[Formosa Air Battle]] was fought between American carriers and Japanese forces in Taiwan. Over 200,000 of [[Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman|Taiwanese served in the Japanese military]], with over 30,000 casualties.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cheung|first=Han|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2018/09/16/2003700512|title=Taiwan in Time: Abandoned by the rising sun|work=Taipei Times|date=16 September 2018}}</ref> Over 2,000 women, euphemistically called "[[comfort women]]", were forced into sexual slavery for Imperial Japanese troops.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hou |first=Elaine |date=14 August 2013 |title=Protesters demand justice from Japan on 'comfort women' (update) |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201308140029.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625184315/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/201308140029 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |website=[[Focus Taiwan]]}}</ref> After [[Japan's surrender]], most Japanese residents were [[World War II evacuation and expulsion|expelled]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Andrew D.|url={{GBurl|id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ}}|title=Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy|date=30 July 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-7674-3|pages=115–118|language=en}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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