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Do not fill this in! == Construction == [[File:Cigarette-key.svg|thumb|Diagram of a cigarette {{olist|Mainstream smoke|Filtration material|Adhesives|Ventilation holes|Ink|Adhesive|Sidestream smoke|Filter|Tipping Paper|Tobacco and ingredients|Paper|Burning point and ashes }}]]Manufacturers have described the cigarette as "a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and attractive form".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hurt |first1=RD |last2=Robertson |first2=CR |date=October 7, 1998 |title=Prying open the door to the tobacco industry's secrets about nicotine: the Minnesota Tobacco Trial. |journal=JAMA |volume=280 |issue=13 |pages=1173–81 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.13.1173 |pmid=9777818}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cummings |first1=KM |date=September 2015 |title=Is it not time to reveal the secret sauce of nicotine addiction? |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=420–1 |doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052631 |pmid=26293383 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Teague |first1=CE |title=Research planning memorandum on the nature of the tobacco business and the crucial role of the nicotine therein. |date=1972 |publisher=R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunn |first1=W |title=Smoker psychology program review |date=1977 |publisher=Philip Morris Tobacco Company}}</ref> Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, [[Polyvinyl acetate|PVA]] glue to bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a [[cellulose acetate]]–based filter.<ref>Clean Virginia Waterways, [http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm Cigarette Butt Litter - Cigarette Filters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126185943/http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/cigbuttfilters.htm |date=January 26, 2009 }}, [[Longwood University]]. Retrieved October 31, 2006.</ref> While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns.<ref name=WigandWHOReport>Wigand, J.S. [http://www.jeffreywigand.com/WHOFinal.pdf ''Additives, Cigarette Design and Tobacco Product Regulation'', A Report To: World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Tobacco Product Regulation Group, Kobe, Japan, 28 June-2 July 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516151158/http://www.jeffreywigand.com/WHOFinal.pdf |date=May 16, 2011 }}</ref> === Paper === {{Main|Rolling paper}} {{See also|List of rolling papers}} The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter stabilize the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette, as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two rows of small laser-drilled air holes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Composite List of Ingredients in Non-Tobacco Materials |url=http://www.jti.com/english/corp_responsibility/ingredients/ingredients_links/comp_tab_nonmat.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524200406/http://www.jti.com/english/corp_responsibility/ingredients/ingredients_links/comp_tab_nonmat.aspx |archive-date=May 24, 2008 }} www.jti.com. Retrieved November 2, 2006.</ref> === Tobacco blend === [[File:LeonesCigs.JPG|thumb|Leones Africanos brand cigarettes from the mid-20th century, part of the permanent collection of the [[Museo del Objeto del Objeto]]]] The process of blending gives the end product a consistent taste from batches of tobacco grown in different areas of a country that may change in flavor profile from year to year due to different environmental conditions.<ref name=DEMerrill>David E. Merrill, (1994), [https://archive.org/details/haq23e00 ''"How cigarettes are made"'']. Video presentation at [[Philip Morris USA]], Richmond offices. Retrieved October 31, 2006.</ref> Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing byproducts in the blend. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of flue-cured brightleaf, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco. These leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several byproducts such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate").<ref name=DEMerrill/> To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these byproducts are processed separately into forms where they can then be added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco byproducts include: * Blended leaf (BL) sheet: a thin, dry sheet cast from a paste made with tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf stem, and [[pectin]].<ref name="PCL Sheet">{{cite web|url=http://g2public.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/ |title=Legacy Tobacco Documents Library |publisher=G2public.library.ucsf.edu |access-date=March 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212175208/http://g2public.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/ |archive-date=February 12, 2009 }}</ref> * Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet: a paper-like material made from recycled tobacco fines, tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of tobacco particles less than 30 [[mesh (scale)|mesh]] in size (about 0.6 mm) that are collected at any stage of tobacco processing:<ref name=Gellatly>Grant Gellatly, {{cite web | title= Method and apparatus for coating reconstituted tobacco | url= http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4706692.html | access-date= November 4, 2006 | archive-date= September 29, 2007 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120436/http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4706692.html | url-status= live }}. Retrieved November 2, 2006.</ref> RL is made by extracting the soluble chemicals in the tobacco byproducts, processing the leftover tobacco fibers from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted materials in concentrated form onto the paper in a fashion similar to what is done in [[sizing|paper sizing]]. At this stage, [[ammonium]] additives are applied to make reconstituted tobacco an effective nicotine delivery system.<ref name=WigandWHOReport/> * Expanded (ES) or improved stem (IS): ES is rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems that are expanded by being soaked in water and rapidly heated. Improved stem follows the same process, but is simply steamed after shredding. Both products are then dried. These products look similar in appearance, but are different in taste.<ref name=DEMerrill/> According to data from the World Health Organization,<ref name="WHO Manufacturing Tobacco">{{cite web|title=13 Manufacturing Tobacco |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203212748/http://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en/ |archive-date=December 3, 2011 }}. Retrieved May 11, 2011.</ref> the amount of tobacco per 1000 cigarettes fell from {{convert|2.28|lb|kg|abbr=in|order=flip}} in 1960 to {{convert|0.91|lb|kg|abbr=in|order=flip}} in 1999, largely as a result of reconstituting tobacco, fluffing, and additives. A recipe-specified combination of brightleaf, burley-leaf, and oriental-leaf tobacco is mixed with various additives to improve its flavors. Most commercially available cigarettes today contain tobacco that is treated with sugar to counter the harshness of the smoke. === Additives === Various additives are combined into the shredded tobacco product mixtures, with [[humectant]]s such as [[propylene glycol]] or [[glycerol]], as well as flavoring products and enhancers such as [[cocoa solids]], [[liquorice|licorice]], tobacco extracts, and various sugars, which are known collectively as "casings". The leaf tobacco is then shredded, along with a specified amount of small laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES, and IS. A perfume-like flavor/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings", which is most often formulated by [[:Category:flavor companies|flavor companies]], is then blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavor and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain [[brand|brand name]].<ref name=DEMerrill/> Additionally, they replace lost flavors due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally, the tobacco mixture is filled into cigarette tubes and packaged. A list of 599 [[List of additives in cigarettes|cigarette additives]], created by five major American cigarette companies, was approved by the Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994. None of these additives is listed as an ingredient on the cigarette pack(s). Chemicals are added for [[organoleptic]] purposes and many boost the addictive properties of cigarettes, especially when burned.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} One of the classes of chemicals on the list, [[ammonia]] salts, convert bound nicotine molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine molecules. This process, known as [[free base|freebasing]], could potentially increase the effect of nicotine on the smoker, but experimental data suggests that absorption is, in practice, unaffected.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.021 |pmid=18450355 |title=The possible role of ammonia toxicity on the exposure, deposition, retention, and the bioavailability of nicotine during smoking |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1863–81 |year=2008 |last1=Seeman |first1=Jeffrey I. |last2=Carchman |first2=Richard A. }}</ref> ===Cigarette tube=== {{Main|Cigarette tube}} [[Cigarette tube]]s are prerolled cigarette paper usually with an acetate or paper [[Cigarette filter|filter]] at the end. They have an appearance similar to a finished cigarette, but are without any tobacco or smoking material inside. The length varies from Regular (70 mm) to King Size (84 mm) as well as 100s (100 mm) and 120s (120 mm).<ref name="ref1058918916">{{cite web|url=http://www.wikihow.com/Roll-Your-Own-Filter-Cigarettes|title=How to Roll Your Own Filter Cigarettes: 6 Steps (with Pictures)|publisher=wikihow.com|access-date=February 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222231725/http://www.wikihow.com/Roll-Your-Own-Filter-Cigarettes|archive-date=February 22, 2014}}{{self-published source|date=March 2017}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=March 2017}} Filling a cigarette tube is usually done with a cigarette injector (also known as a shooter). Cone-shaped cigarette tubes, known as cones, can be filled using a packing stick or straw because of their shape. Cone smoking is popular because as the cigarette burns, it tends to get stronger and stronger. A cone allows more tobacco to be burned at the beginning than the end, allowing for an even flavor<ref name="ref-653500596">{{cite web|url=http://www.ryomagazine.com/july/filters.htm|title=Review: Zig-Zag Filtered Tubes|work=Roll Your Own Magazine|access-date=February 14, 2014|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006032800/http://www.ryomagazine.com/july/filters.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States Tobacco Taxation Bureau defines a cigarette tube as "Cigarette paper made into a hollow cylinder for use in making cigarettes."<ref name="ref-334491804">{{cite web|url=http://www.ttb.gov/forms_tutorials/glossary/glossary-text.html|title=Forms Tutorial: Glossary Text Version|publisher=ttb.gov|access-date=February 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508152731/http://www.ttb.gov/forms_tutorials/glossary/glossary-text.html|archive-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> === Cigarette filter === {{Main||Cigarette filter}}A cigarette filter or filter tip is a component of a cigarette. Filters are typically made from [[cellulose acetate]] [[fibre]]. Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them separately. Filters can reduce some substances from smoke but do not make cigarettes any safer to smoke. === Cigarette butt === [[File:Filthy Habit by SillyPuttyEnemies.jpg|thumb|right|A discarded ''cigarette butt'', lying on dirty snow]] {{See also|Ashtray|Cigarette pack#Features}} In North America, the common name for the remains of a cigarette after smoking is a ''cigarette butt''. In Britain, it is also called a ''fag-end'' or a ''dog-end''.<ref>The Nelson contemporary English dictionary - Page 187, W. T. Cunningham - 1977</ref> The butt is typically about 30% of the cigarette's original length. It consists of a tissue tube which holds a [[cigarette filter|filter]] and some remains of tobacco mixed with ash. They are the most numerically frequent [[litter]] in the world.<ref name="Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology">{{cite journal|last1=Micevska|first1=T.|last2=Warne|first2=M. St. J.|last3=Pablo|first3=F.|last4=Patra|first4=R.|year=2005|title=Variation in, and Causes of, Toxicity of Cigarette Butts to a Cladoceran and Microtox|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=50|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1007/s00244-004-0132-y|pmid=16328625|s2cid=26207468}}<!--|access-date= 2012-01-01 --></ref> Cigarette butts accumulate outside buildings, on parking lots, and streets where they can be transported through storm drains to streams, rivers, and beaches.<ref name="longwood">Kathleen M. Register. "[http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/ciglitterarticle.htm Cigarette Butts as Litter—Toxic as Well as Ugly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212143743/http://www.longwood.edu/cleanva/ciglitterarticle.htm |date=December 12, 2020 }}", [[Longwood University]]. Retrieved June 28, 2011. First published in ''Underwater Naturalist'', Volume 25, Number 2, August 2000.</ref> In a 2013 trial, the city of [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], partnered with [[TerraCycle]] to create a system for recycling of cigarette butts. A reward of 1¢ per collected butt was offered to determine the effectiveness of a deposit system similar to that of beverage containers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/penny-for-your-butts-vancouver-group-pushes-cigarette-butt-recycling-plan-1.1335827|title=Penny for your butts? Vancouver group pushes cigarette-butt recycling plan|work=CTVNews|date=June 21, 2013|access-date=May 30, 2015|archive-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706150326/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/penny-for-your-butts-vancouver-group-pushes-cigarette-butt-recycling-plan-1.1335827|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vancouver.ca/news-calendar/cigarette-butt-collection-and-recycling.aspx|title=City and TerraCycle launch cigarette butt collection and recycling program|author=City of Vancouver|access-date=May 30, 2015|date=November 13, 2013|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503041335/http://vancouver.ca/news-calendar/cigarette-butt-collection-and-recycling.aspx}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. 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