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Do not fill this in! ===European exploration and colonisation=== {{Main|European maritime exploration of Australia|European land exploration of Australia|History of Australia (1788β1850)}} [[File:Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770 (painting by E Phillips Fox).jpg|alt=Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770|left|thumb|Landing of [[James Cook]] at [[Botany Bay]] on 29 April 1770 to claim Australia's east coast for [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]]] The Dutch are the first Europeans that recorded sighting and making landfall on the Australian mainland.<ref name="BarberBarnes2013">{{Cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Barber|first2=Katherine|last2=Barnes|author3=Nigel Erskine|title=Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita To Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ_sAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|year=2013|publisher=National Library of Australia|isbn=978-0-6422-7809-8|page=99|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123323/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ_sAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the ''[[Duyfken]]'', captained by Dutch navigator [[Willem Janszoon]].<ref name="SmithBurke2007">{{Cite book|first1=Claire|last1=Smith|first2=Heather|last2=Burke|title=Digging It Up Down Under: A Practical Guide to Doing Archaeology in Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HsRb_AY9jQC&pg=PA47|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-0-3873-5263-3|page=47|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123306/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HsRb_AY9jQC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> He sighted the coast of [[Cape York Peninsula]] in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the [[Pennefather River]] near the modern town of [[Weipa, Queensland|Weipa]] on Cape York.<ref name=dhm233>{{Harvnb|Davison|Hirst|Macintyre|1998|p=233}}</ref> Later that year, Spanish explorer [[LuΓs Vaz de Torres]] sailed through and navigated the [[Torres Strait Islands]].<ref>Brett Hilder (1980) ''The Voyage of Torres'' University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland {{ISBN|978-0-7022-1275-8}}</ref> The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]" during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made,<ref name=dhm233/> [[Shipwrecks of Western Australia#Notable wrecks|a number of shipwrecks]] left men either stranded or, as in the case of the ''[[Batavia (1628 ship)|Batavia]]'' in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent.<ref>Davis, Russell Earls (2019) ''A Concise History of Western Australia'' Woodslane Press {{ISBN|978-1-9258-6822-7}} pp. 3β6</ref> In 1770, Captain [[James Cook]] sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "[[New South Wales]]" and claimed for Great Britain.<ref name="GoucherWalton2013">{{Cite book|first1=Candice|last1=Goucher|first2=Linda|last2=Walton |title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|url={{GBurl|id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ|p=427}} |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-1350-8829-3|pages=427β428}}</ref> Following the loss of its [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the [[First Fleet]], under the command of Captain [[Arthur Phillip]], to establish a new [[penal colony]] in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the [[Union Flag]] raised at [[Sydney Cove]], [[Port Jackson]], on 26 January 1788,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation |title=European discovery and the colonisation of Australia|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia|quote=[The British] moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia. The First Fleet was underprepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Cove was poor.|date=11 January 2008 |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213231728/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Egan2003">{{Cite book|first=Ted|last=Egan|title=The Land Downunder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ND3OqVdOwqoC&pg=PA25|year=2003|publisher=Grice Chapman Publishing|isbn=978-0-9545-7260-0|pages=25β26|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153358/https://books.google.com/books?id=ND3OqVdOwqoC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> a date which later became [[Australia Day|Australia's national day]]. Most early settlers were [[convicts in Australia|convicts]], [[penal transportation|transported]] for petty crimes and [[convict assignment|assigned]] as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (willing immigrants). Once [[emancipist|emancipated]], convicts tended to integrate into colonial society. Martial law was declared to suppress convict rebellions and uprisings,<ref>Kercher, Bruce (2020). ''An Unruly Child: A History of Law in Australia''. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000248470. pp. 26β27.</ref> and lasted for two years following the 1808 [[Rum Rebellion]], the only successful armed takeover of government in Australia.<ref>Matsuda, Matt K. (2012) ''Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures'' Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|978-0-5218-8763-2}} pp. 165β167</ref> Over the next two decades, social and economic reforms, together with the establishment of a [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] and [[Supreme Court of New South Wales|Supreme Court]], saw New South Wales transition from a penal colony to a civil society.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Ward| first=Russel| title=Australia: a short history| year=1975| publisher=Ure Smith| edition=rev| isbn=978-0-7254-0164-1| url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9442954| pages=37β38| access-date=15 January 2022| archive-date=20 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221059/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9442954| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Molony | first=John Neylon | title=The Penguin History of Australia | year=1987 | publisher=Penguin | location=Ringwood, Vic | isbn=978-0-1400-9739-9 | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18412463 | pages=47 | access-date=15 January 2022 | archive-date=21 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121021802/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18412463 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kemp |first=David |title=The Land of Dreams: How Australians Won Their Freedom, 1788β1860 |url={{GBurl|id=LUVvDwAAQBAJ}} |year=2018 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=978-0-5228-7334-4 |oclc=1088319758 |access-date=14 September 2020}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=February 2024}} <!-- Please take note of talk page diacussion before editing. -->The indigenous population declined for 150 years following European settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Smallpox Through History |url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618142015/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html |archive-date=18 June 2004 |work= |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Flood 2019 p."/> British colonial authorities did not sign any treaties with [[Aboriginal Australians#Groups and sub-groups|Aboriginal groups]].<ref name="Flood 2019 p.">{{cite book | last=Flood | first=J. | title=The Original Australians: The story of the Aboriginal People | publisher=Allen & Unwin | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-76087-142-0 |edition=2nd |location=Crows Nest NSW |pages=42, 111, 147β59, 300 |author-link=Josephine Flood}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |author=Rule of Law Education Centre |title=European Settlement and Terra Nullius |url=https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/education/australian-colonies/terra-nullius/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126110348/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/education/australian-colonies/terra-nullius/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As settlement expanded, thousands of Indigenous people died in [[Australian frontier wars|frontier conflicts]] while others were dispossessed of their traditional lands.<ref>Attwood, Bain; Foster, Stephen Glynn (2003) ''Frontier Conflict: The Australian Experience'' National Museum of Australia {{ISBN|978-1-8769-4411-7}} p. 89</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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