Wine Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Health effects == {{See also|Health effects of wine}} {{Further|Red wine headache}} {{nutritionalvalue | name = Red table wine | kJ = 355 | fat = 0.0 g | protein = 0.1 g | carbs = 2.6 g | sugars = 0.6 g | alcohol = 10.6 g | source_usda = 1 | noRDA = 1 | right = 1 | note = 10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol.<br />100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.)<br />Sugar and alcohol content can vary. }} === Short-term === {{Main|Short-term effects of alcohol consumption}} Wine contains [[ethyl alcohol]], the chemical in [[beer]] and [[distilled spirits]]. The effects of wine depend on the amount consumed, the span of time over which consumption occurs, and the amount of alcohol in the wine, among other factors. Drinking enough to reach a [[blood alcohol concentration]] (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% may cause an overall improvement in mood, increase self-confidence and sociability, decrease anxiety, [[Alcohol flush reaction|flushing of the face]], and impair judgment and fine [[motor coordination]]. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes [[lethargy]], [[sedation]], balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes [[stupor]], unconsciousness, [[anterograde amnesia]], vomiting, and death may occur due to [[respiratory depression]] and [[pulmonary aspiration|inhalation of vomit]] during unconsciousness. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes [[coma]], life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal [[alcohol poisoning]]. The operation of vehicles or machinery while drunk can increase the risk of accident, and many countries have laws against [[drinking and driving]]. The social context and quality of wine can affect the mood and emotions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Danner |first1=Lukas |last2=Ristic |first2=Renata |last3=Johnson |first3=Trent E |last4=Meiselman |first4=Herbert L |last5=Hoek |first5=Annet C |date=Nov 2016 |title=Context and wine quality effects on consumers' mood, emotions, liking and willingness to pay for Australian Shiraz wines |journal=Food Research International |volume=89 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2016.08.006 |pmid=28460912}}</ref> === Long-term === {{See also|Long-term effects of alcohol consumption}} [[File:Possible long-term effects of ethanol.svg|thumb|left|Most significant of the possible [[Long-term effects of alcohol consumption|long-term effects]] of [[ethanol]], one of the constituents of wine. Consumption of alcohol by pregnant mothers may result in [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]s.]] The main active ingredient of wine is ethanol. A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that moderate ethanol consumption brought no mortality benefit compared with lifetime abstention from ethanol consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stockwell T, Zhao J, Panwar S, Roemer A, Naimi T, Chikritzhs T |date=March 2016 |title=Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality |journal=J Stud Alcohol Drugs |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=185–98 |doi=10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185 |pmc=4803651 |pmid=26997174}}</ref> A systematic analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease study found that consumption of ethanol [[Alcohol and cancer|increases the risk of cancer]] and increases the risk of all-cause mortality, and that the most healthful dose of ethanol is zero consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griswold |first1=Max G. |last2=Fullman |first2=Nancy |last3=Hawley |first3=Caitlin |last4=Arian |first4=Nicholas |last5=Zimsen |first5=Stephanie R M. |last6=Tymeson |first6=Hayley D. |last7=Venkateswaran |first7=Vidhya |last8=Tapp |first8=Austin Douglas |last9=Forouzanfar |first9=Mohammad H. |last10=Salama |first10=Joseph S. |last11=Abate |first11=Kalkidan Hassen |last12=Abate |first12=Degu |last13=Abay |first13=Solomon M. |last14=Abbafati |first14=Cristiana |last15=Abdulkader |first15=Rizwan Suliankatchi |display-authors=29 |date=August 2018 |title=Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |journal=Lancet |volume=392 |issue=10152 |pages=1015–1035 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 |pmc=6148333 |pmid=30146330 |last16=Abebe |first16=Zegeye |last17=Aboyans |first17=Victor |last18=Abrar |first18=Mohammed Mehdi |last19=Acharya |first19=Pawan |last20=Adetokunboh |first20=Olatunji O. |last21=Adhikari |first21=Tara Ballav |last22=Adsuar |first22=Jose C. |last23=Afarideh |first23=Mohsen |last24=Agardh |first24=Emilie Elisabet |last25=Agarwal |first25=Gina |last26=Aghayan |first26=Sargis Aghasi |last27=Agrawal |first27=Sutapa |last28=Ahmed |first28=Muktar Beshir |last29=Akibu |first29=Mohammed |last30=Akinyemiju |first30=Tomi}}</ref> Some studies have concluded that drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink daily in women and two drinks daily in men) is associated with a decreased risk of [[heart disease]], [[stroke]], [[diabetes mellitus]], and early death.<ref name="Kee2014">{{cite journal |last1=O'Keefe |first1=JH |last2=Bhatti |first2=SK |last3=Bajwa |first3=A |last4=DiNicolantonio |first4=JJ |last5=Lavie |first5=CJ |date=March 2014 |title=Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy. |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=382–93 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005 |pmid=24582196 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ethanol consumption increases the risk of heart disease, [[high blood pressure]], [[atrial fibrillation]], and [[stroke]]. Some studies that reported benefits of moderate ethanol consumption erred by lumping former drinkers and life-long abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, hiding the health benefits of life-long abstention from ethanol.<ref name="Kee2014" /> Risk is greater in younger people due to [[binge drinking]] which may result in violence or accidents.<ref name="Kee2014" /> About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) annually are due to ethanol use.<ref name="NIH2015Stats">{{cite web |title=Alcohol Facts and Statistics |url=http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081638/http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Streppel |first1=M. T. |last2=Ocke |first2=M. C. |last3=Boshuizen |first3=H. C. |last4=Kok |first4=F. J. |last5=Kromhout |first5=D. |year=2009 |title=Long-term wine consumption is related to cardiovascular mortality and life expectancy independently of moderate alcohol intake: the Zutphen Study |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00477884/document |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=534–540 |doi=10.1136/jech.2008.082198 |pmid=19406740 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901083937/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00477884/document |archive-date=1 September 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lindberg">{{cite journal |last=Lindberg |first=Matthew L. |author2=Ezra A. Amsterdam |year=2008 |title=Alcohol, wine, and cardiovascular health |journal=Clinical Cardiology |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=347–51 |doi=10.1002/clc.20263 |pmc=6653665 |pmid=18727003}}</ref> [[Alcoholism|Alcohol use disorder]] is the inability to stop or control alcohol use despite harmful consequences to health, job, or relationships; alternative terms include alcoholism, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, or alcohol addiction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder {{!}} National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) |url=https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721082849/https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=www.niaaa.nih.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jill Littrell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |title=Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume II: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-317-78314-5 |location=Hoboken. |page=55 |quote=The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems}}</ref><ref name="NIH2003">{{cite journal |last1=Hasin |first1=Deborah |date=December 2003 |title=Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders |url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm |url-status=live |journal=Niaaa.nih.gov |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |pmc=6676702 |pmid=15301396 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318014903/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="NIH2013">{{cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5 |url=http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080640/http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Schu2014">{{cite journal |last1=Schuckit |first1=MA |date=27 November 2014 |title=Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th |url-status=live |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=22 |pages=2109–13 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1407298 |pmid=25427113 |s2cid=205116954 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213032901/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08b9z9th |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States.<ref name="Kee2014" /> No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.<ref name="Kee2014" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Alcohol and Heart Health |url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119121521/http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp |archive-date=19 January 2016 |publisher=American Heart Association}}</ref> Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause [[liver cirrhosis]] and [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=General Information on Alcohol Use and Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918004654/http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm |archive-date=18 September 2008 |access-date=26 June 2008}}</ref> The [[American Heart Association]] "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."<ref>{{cite web |author=American Heart Association |title=Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease |url=http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110717/http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422 |archive-date=4 July 2008 |access-date=26 June 2008}}</ref> Although red wine contains more of the [[stilbene]] [[resveratrol]] and of other polyphenols than white wine, the evidence for a cardiac health benefit is of poor quality and at most, the benefit is trivial.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeraattalab-Motlagh |first1=Sheida |last2=Jayedi |first2=Ahmad |last3=Shab-Bidar |first3=Sakineh |date=8 November 2021 |title=The effects of resveratrol supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=114 |issue=5 |pages=1675–1685 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/nqab250 |pmid=34320173 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barbería-Latasa |first1=María |last2=Gea |first2=Alfredo |last3=Martínez-González |first3=Miguel A. |date=7 May 2022 |title=Alcohol, Drinking Pattern, and Chronic Disease |journal=Nutrients |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1954 |doi=10.3390/nu14091954 |pmc=9100270 |pmid=35565924 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomé-Carneiro |first1=J |last2=Gonzálvez |first2=M |last3=Larrosa |first3=M |last4=Yáñez-Gascón |first4=MJ |last5=García-Almagro |first5=FJ |last6=Ruiz-Ros |first6=JA |last7=Tomás-Barberán |first7=FA |last8=García-Conesa |first8=MT |last9=Espín |first9=JC |date=July 2013 |title=Resveratrol in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a dietary and clinical perspective. |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1290 |issue=1 |pages=37–51 |bibcode=2013NYASA1290...37T |doi=10.1111/nyas.12150 |pmid=23855464 |s2cid=206223647}}</ref> Grape skins naturally produce resveratrol in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast during [[Fermentation (wine)|fermentation]]. White wine generally contains lower levels of the chemical as it has minimal contact with grape skins during this process.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Frémont |first=Lucie |date=January 2000 |title=Biological effects of resveratrol |journal=Life Sciences |volume=66 |issue=8 |pages=663–673 |doi=10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00410-5 |pmid=10680575}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page