Russia Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Economy == {{Main|Economy of Russia}} {{Further|Economic history of the Russian Federation|Taxation in Russia}} [[File:Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Moscow International Business Center|Moscow International Business Centre]] in Moscow. The city has one of the world's [[List of cities by GDP|largest urban economies]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Churkina|first1=Natalie|last2=Zaverskiy|first2=Sergey|title=Challenges of strong concentration in urbanization: the case of Moscow in Russia|doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.095|volume=198|year=2017|pages=398–410|journal=Procedia Engineering|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Russia has a [[market economy]], with enormous natural resources, particularly [[Russian oil industry|oil]] and [[Natural gas in Russia|natural gas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/russia/59.htm |title=Russia – Natural Resources |editor=Glenn E. Curtis |year=1998 |publisher=Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the [[Library of Congress]] |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> It has the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|ninth-largest economy]] by nominal GDP and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|sixth-largest]] by [[purchasing power parity|PPP]]. The large [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] accounts for 62% of total GDP, followed by the [[industrial sector]] (32%), while the [[agricultural sector]] is the smallest, making up only 5% of total GDP.<ref name="cia" /> Russia has a low official [[List of countries by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] of 4.1%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Federation – Unemployment Rate|url=https://www.economy.com/russian-federation/unemployment-rate|access-date=4 April 2022|work=[[Moody's Analytics]]}}</ref> Its [[foreign exchange reserves]] are the world's [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|fifth-largest]], worth $540 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/mrrf/mrrf_7d/ |title=International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period) |publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]] |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's [[List of countries by labour force|sixth-largest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/labor-force/country-comparison/ |title=Labor force – The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by exports|thirteenth-largest exporter]] and the [[List of countries by imports|21st-largest importer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c643%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1|title=List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021|work=[[International Trade Centre]]|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1%7c643%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1|title=List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021|work=[[International Trade Centre]]|access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> It relies heavily on revenues from oil and gas-related taxes and export tariffs, which accounted for 45% of Russia's federal budget revenues in January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> and up to 60% of its exports in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davydova |first=Angelina |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211115-climate-change-can-russia-leave-fossil-fuels-behind |title=Will Russia ever leave fossil fuels behind? |publisher=BBC |date=24 November 2021 |access-date=3 March 2022 |quote=Overall in Russia, oil and gas provided 39% of the federal budget revenue and made up 60% of Russian exports in 2019.}}</ref> Russia has one of the [[List of countries by external debt|lowest levels of external debt]] among major economies,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/russian-finances-strong-but-economic-problems-persist-36750 |title=Russian finances strong but economic problems persist |work=[[TRT World]] |date=29 May 2020 |access-date=12 February 2022 |quote=Now Russia is one of the least indebted countries in the world – thanks to all the oil revenue.}}</ref> although its [[List of countries by income equality|inequality of household income and wealth]] is one of the highest among developed countries.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/620225/EPRS_ATA(2018)620225_EN.pdf |title=Socioeconomic inequality in Russia |journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=April 2018 |last=Russell |first=Martin |access-date=25 January 2022 }}</ref> High regional disparity is also an issue.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Remington|first=Thomas F.|title=Why is interregional inequality in Russia and China not falling?|volume=48|number=1|date=March 2015|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|journal=[[Soviet and Communist studies|Communist and Post-Communist Studies]]|pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.01.005 |jstor=48610321}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kholodilin|first1=Konstantin A.|last2=Oshchepkov|first2=Aleksey|last3=Siliverstovs|first3=Boriss|title=The Russian Regional Convergence Process: Where Is It Leading?|year=2012|volume=50|number=3|pages=5–26|journal=Eastern European Economies|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.2753/EEE0012-8775500301 |jstor=41719700|s2cid=153168354 }}</ref> After over a decade of post-Soviet rapid economic growth, backed by high oil-prices and a surge in foreign exchange reserves and investment,<ref name="Ellyatt-2021"/> Russia's economy was damaged following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, due to the first wave of [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|international sanctions being imposed]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Likka|first=Korhonen|title=Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects|year=2019|issn=2190-717X|publisher=[[Ifo Institute for Economic Research]]|location=[[Munich]]|access-date=2 October 2022|url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/216248/1/CESifo-Forum-2019-04-p19-22.pdf|journal=CESifo Forum}}</ref> In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Sonnenfeld|first=Jeffrey|date=22 March 2022|title=Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia – But Some Remain|url=https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/over-400-companies-have-withdrawn-russia-some-remain|publisher=[[Yale School of Management]]|access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-07/russia-surges-past-iran-to-become-world-s-most-sanctioned-nation|title=Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|date=8 March 2022|access-date=2 October 2022|last=Wadhams|first=Nick|quote=Russia has vaulted past Iran and North Korea to become the world's most-sanctioned nation in the span of just 10 days following President Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine.}}</ref> in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system.<ref name="Walsh-2022"/> Due to the [[Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|impact]], the Russian government has stopped publishing a raft of economic data since April 2022.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Whalen|first1=Jeanne|last2=Dixon|first2=Robyn|last3=Nakashima|first3=Ellen|last4=Ilyushina|first4=Mary|title=Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=23 August 2022|access-date=2 October 2022|quote=Russia has stopped publishing many economic statistics, making it difficult to judge how hard sanctions are hitting, but some data shows signs of distress.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/08/23/russian-sanctions-economy/|url-access=limited}}</ref> Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-russias-economy-really-hurting/a-63000166|last=Martin|first=Nik|title=Is Russia's economy really hurting?|work=[[DW News]]|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=6 September 2022|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> === Transport and energy === {{Main|Transport in Russia|Energy in Russia}} [[File:VL 85-022 container train.jpg|thumb|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world. |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Katie |last=Warren |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>]] [[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly under the control of the state-run [[Russian Railways]]. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], and exceeds {{convert|87000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Russia has the world's [[List of countries by road network size|fifth-largest road network]], with 1.5 million km of roads,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/info/22865/ |title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры|trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure |work=[[Government of Russia]] |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> while its road density is among the world's lowest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/ |title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific. |work=International Road Federation |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the world's [[List of countries by waterways length|longest]], and total {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Among [[List of airports in Russia|Russia's 1,218 airports]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |title=Airports – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow. Russia's largest port is the [[Port of Novorossiysk]] in [[Krasnodar Krai]] along the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Guzeva|first=Alexandra|date=20 April 2021|title=10 Biggest port cities in Russia|url=https://www.rbth.com/travel/333689-russia-biggest-port-cities|access-date=13 February 2022|website=[[Russia Beyond]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Russia was widely described as an [[energy superpower]].<ref>{{cite book | editor = Elizabeth Buchanan |year=2021 | title = Russian Energy Strategy in the Asia-Pacific: Implications for Australia | publisher = Australian National University | page = 86 | isbn = 978-1-76046-339-7 | oclc = 1246214035 | url = {{GBurl|id=bdIwEAAAQBAJ|p=86}}}}</ref> It has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |title=Natural gas – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174101/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> the second-largest [[coal reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition |url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=bp.com |publisher=[[BP]] |page=45}}</ref> the eighth-largest [[oil reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2010 |title=2010 Survey of Energy Resources |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/ser_2010_report_1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |page=102 |isbn=978-0-946121-02-1}}</ref> Russia is also the world's [[List of countries by natural gas exports|leading natural gas exporter]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/articles/energy-fact-sheet-why-does-russian-oil-and-gas-matter|title=Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? – Analysis|website=International Energy Agency|date=21 March 2022}}</ref> the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest natural gas producer]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-production/country-comparison/ |title=Natural gas – production |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-production/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the second-largest oil [[List of countries by oil production|producer]] and [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-production/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – production |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-production/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-exports/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – exports |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330235135/http://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-exports/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia's oil and gas production led to deep economic relationships with the [[European Union]], China, and [[Soviet Union|former Soviet]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern Bloc states]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/oil-market-and-russian-supply-2 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="IEA">{{cite web |title=Gas Market and Russian Supply – Russian supplies to global energy markets – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/russian-supplies-to-global-energy-markets/gas-market-and-russian-supply-2 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total [[European Union]] (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022.<ref name="IEA"/> In the mid-2000s, the share of the oil and gas sector in GDP was around 20%, and in 2013 it was 20–21% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2594003|title=Нефть со всеми вытекающими|date=27 October 2014|website=www.kommersant.ru}}</ref> The share of oil and gas in Russia's exports (about 50%) and federal budget revenues (about 50%) is large, and the dynamics of Russia's GDP are highly dependent on oil and gas prices,<ref>Movchan, Andrey (14 September 2015). [https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/61272 "Just an Oil Company? The True Extent of Russia's Dependency on Oil and Gas."] [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] (CarnegieMoscow.org). Retrieved 17 July 2023.</ref> but the share in GDP is much less than 50%. According to the first such comprehensive assessment published by the Russian statistics agency Rosstat in 2021, the maximum total share of the oil and gas sector in Russia's GDP, including extraction, refining, transport, sale of oil and gas, all goods and services used, and all supporting activities, amounts to 19.2% in 2019 and 15.2% in 2020. This is comparable to the share of GDP in Norway and Kazakhstan. It is much lower than the share of GDP in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/1b5RpebS/Maximov-tezisy.pdf|title=Определение доли нефтегазового сектора в валовом внутреннем продукте Российской Федерации|language=ru|website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/07/2021/60ec40d39a7947f74aeb2aae|title=Росстат впервые рассчитал долю нефти и газа в российском ВВП|website=РБК|date=13 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neftegazru.com/news/economics-markets-stocks/688594-oil-gas-share-of-russia-s-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020|website=neftegazru.com|date=14 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://norvanreports.com/oil-gas-share-of-russias-gdp-dropped-to-15-in-2020/|title=Oil & gas share of Russia's GDP dropped to 15% in 2020 | NORVANREPORTS.COM | Business News, Insurance, Taxation, Oil & Gas, Maritime News, Ghana, Africa, World|date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Oil-Gas-Share-Of-Russias-GDP-Dropped-To-15-In-2020.html|title=Oil & Gas Share Of Russia's GDP Dropped To 15% In 2020|website=OilPrice.com}}</ref> Russia ratified the [[Paris Agreement]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sauer |first=Natalie |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/news/russia-formally-joins-paris-climate-pact/ |title=Russia formally joins Paris climate pact |work=[[Euractiv]] |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia]] are the world's [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|fourth-largest]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hill |first=Ian |title=Is Russia finally getting serious on climate change? |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/russia-finally-getting-serious-climate-change |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |date=1 November 2021 |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref> Russia is the world's fourth-largest [[electricity producer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison |title=Electricity – production |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331093053/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/electricity-production/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also the world's first country to develop civilian nuclear power, and to construct the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/june-27-1954-worlds-first-nuclear-power-plant-opens/ |title=June 27, 1954: World's First Nuclear Power Plant Opens |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |first=Tony |last=Long |date=27 June 2012 |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> Russia was also the world's fourth-largest [[Nuclear power by country|nuclear energy producer]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Nuclear Power Today |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=world-nuclear.org |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> and was the fifth-largest [[Hydroelectricity#World hydroelectric capacity|hydroelectric producer]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whiteman |first1=Adrian |last2=Akande |first2=Dennis |last3=Elhassan |first3=Nazik |last4=Escamilla |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lebedys |first5=Arvydas |last6=Arkhipova |first6=Lana |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-9260-342-7}}</ref> === Agriculture and fishery === {{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}} [[File:Wheat Tomsk.jpg|thumb|left|Wheat in [[Tomsk Oblast]], Siberia]] Russia's agriculture sector contributes about 5% of the country's total GDP, although the sector employs about one-eighth of the total labour force.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |title=Russia – Economy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> It has the world's [[Land use statistics by country|third-largest cultivated area]], at {{convert|1265267|km2}}. However, due to the harshness of its environment, about 13.1% of its land is [[agricultural land|agricultural]],<ref name="cia"/> and only 7.4% of its land is [[arable land|arable]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS?locations=RU |title=Arable land (% of land area) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "[[breadbasket]]" of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/system-shock-russias-war-and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains|title=System Shock: Russia's War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains|work=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=13 April 2022|access-date=24 June 2022|quote=Together, Russia and Ukraine—sometimes referred to as the breadbasket of Europe—account for 29% of global wheat exports, 80% of the world’s sunflower oil, and 40% of its barley.}}</ref> More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to [[Nonfood crop|industrial crop]]s, vegetables, and fruits.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by wheat exports|largest exporter of wheat]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/russia-s-dominance-of-the-wheat-world-keeps-growing |title=Russia's Dominance of the Wheat World Keeps Growing |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |first1=Anatoly |last1=Medetsky |first2=Megan |last2=Durisin |date=23 September 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/wheat/reporter/rus?redirect=true|title=Wheat in Russia | OEC|website=OEC – The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref> the [[List of countries by barley production|largest producer of barley]] and [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|buckwheat]], among the largest exporters of [[maize]] and [[sunflower oil]], and the leading producer of [[fertilizer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf|title=The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict|date=25 March 2022|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|location=[[Rome]]|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> Various analysts of [[climate change adaptation]] foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html |title=How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Abrahm |last=Lustgarten |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021|url-access=limited|quote=Across Eastern Russia, wild forests, swamps and grasslands are slowly being transformed into orderly grids of soybeans, corn and wheat. It’s a process that is likely to accelerate: Russia hopes to seize on the warming temperatures and longer growing seasons brought by climate change to refashion itself as one of the planet’s largest producers of food}}</ref> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia [[Fishing industry in Russia|maintains]] the world's [[Fishing industry by country|sixth-largest fishing industry]]; capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |location=[[Rome]] |isbn=978-92-5-130562-1}}</ref> It is home to the world's finest caviar, the [[Beluga (sturgeon)|beluga]]; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> === Science and technology === {{Main|Science and technology in Russia}} {{See also|Timeline of Russian innovation|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}} <!--section full of name spamming see Canada#Science and technology for proper example--> [[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711–1765), [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]] Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on [[research and development]] in 2019, with the world's [[List of countries by research and development spending|tenth-highest budget]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |title=Gross domestic spending on R&D |website=[[OECD]] Data |doi=10.1787/d8b068b4-en |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers.<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?year=2020 |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=[[SCImago Journal Rank]]}}</ref> Since 1904, [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize]] were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in medicine|medicine]], [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|economy]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2019|script-title=ru:Кто из российских и советских ученых и литераторов становился лауреатом Нобелевской премии|trans-title=Which of the Russian and Soviet scientists and writers became the Nobel Prize laureate |url=https://tass.ru/info/7308739 |access-date=8 November 2020|script-website=ru:ТАСС |agency=[[TASS]] |language=ru|newspaper=Tacc }}</ref> Russia ranked 51st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, down from 45th in 2021.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |website=www.wipo.int |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf |title=RUSSIAN FEDERATION |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Since the times of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]], who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]], and [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], a prominent tutor; Russian [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematicians]] became among the world's most influential.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Vucinich |first=Alexander |title=Mathematics in Russian Culture |jstor=2708192 |doi=10.2307/2708192 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=21 |number=2 |year=1960 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |pages=161–179}}</ref> [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leicester |first=Henry M. |title=Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law |jstor=27757115 |doi=10.2307/27757115 |year=1948 |pages=67–74 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Chymia]]|volume=1 }}</ref> Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the [[Fields Medal winners|Fields Medal]]. [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Frank |title=Manifolds with Density and Perelman's Proof of the Poincaré Conjecture |jstor=27642690 |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=134–142 |date=February 2009 |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/00029890.2009.11920920 |s2cid=6068179 }}</ref> [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] was among the [[invention of radio|inventors of radio]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Allison |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |title=Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]] were co-inventors of [[laser]] and [[maser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Nikolay Basov – Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003 |pmid=22212977 |pmc=3498096}}</ref> [[Oleg Losev]] made crucial contributions in the field of [[semiconductor junction]]s, and discovered [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zheludev |first=Nikolay |title=The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history |date=April 2007 |volume=1 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.34 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|issue=4 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1..189Z }}</ref> [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and [[Radiometric dating|radiogeology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghilarov |first=Alexej M. |title=Vernadsky's Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective |jstor=3036242 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=70 |number=2 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |date=June 1995 |pages=193–203|doi=10.1086/418982 |s2cid=85258634 }}</ref> [[Élie Metchnikoff]] is known for his groundbreaking research in [[immunology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Siamon |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |pmid=26836137 |date=3 February 2016 |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ivan Pavlov]] is known chiefly for his work in [[classical conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anrep |first=G. V. |title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 |jstor=769124 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume=2 |number=5 |date=December 1936 |pages=1–18 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 }}</ref> [[Lev Landau]] made fundamental contributions to many areas of [[theoretical physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorelik |first=Gennady |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |jstor=24995874 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=277 |number=2 |pages=72–77 |date=August 1997 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G }}</ref> [[Nikolai Vavilov]] was best known for having identified the [[Vavilov center|centres]] of origin of [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science |doi-access=free |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772 |date=1 June 2015 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |volume=50 |number=6 |journal=HortScience|pages=772–776 }}</ref> [[Trofim Lysenko]] was known mainly for [[Lysenkoism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhengrong |last2=Liu |first2=Yongsheng |year=2017 |title=Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=25 |number=10 |pages=1097–1098 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2017.117 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=5602018 |pmid=28905876}}</ref> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]]. [[Igor Sikorsky]] was an [[List of aviation pioneers|aviation pioneer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunsaker |first=Jerome C. |title=A Half Century of Aeronautical Development |jstor=3143642 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=98 |number=2 |pages=121–130 |date=15 April 1954 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Zworykin]] was the inventor of the [[iconoscope]] and [[kinescope]] television systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |title=Vladimir Zworykin |work=[[Lemelson–MIT Prize]] |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] was the central figure in the field of [[evolutionary biology]] for his work in shaping the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=Edmund Brisco |author-link= E. B. Ford |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004 |title=Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975 |date=November 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume= 23 |pages=58–89 |pmid= 11615738 |doi-access=free |issn=1748-8494}}</ref> [[George Gamow]] was one of the foremost advocates of the [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title= The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date= 11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> ==== Space exploration ==== [[File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg|thumb|[[Mir]], Russian [[space station]] that operated in [[low Earth orbit|LEO]]]] [[Roscosmos]] is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of [[space technology]] and [[space exploration]] can be traced back to [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], the father of theoretical [[astronautics]], whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Sergey Korolyov]], [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others who contributed to the success of the [[Soviet space program]] in the early stages of the [[Space Race]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |isbn=978-0-160-61305-0}}</ref>{{rp|6–7,333}} In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik 1]]'', was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Many other Soviet and Russian [[space exploration records]] ensued. In 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first and youngest [[women in space|woman in space]], having flown a solo mission on [[Vostok 6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-023A |title=Vostok 6 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> In 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] became the first human to conduct a [[spacewalk]], exiting the [[space capsule]] during [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk |publisher=BBC |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> In 1957, [[Laika]], a [[Soviet space dogs|Soviet space dog]], became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard [[Sputnik 2]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wellerstein |first=Alex |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero |title=Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref> In 1966, [[Luna 9]] became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a [[Astronomical object|celestial body]], the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A |title=Luna 9 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 June 2021 }}</ref> In 1968, [[Zond 5]] brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Betz |first=Eric |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-first-earthlings-around-the-moon-were-two-soviet-tortoises |title=The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=18 January 2022 }}</ref> In 1970, [[Venera 7]] became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avduevsky |first1=V. S. |last2=Ya Marov |first2=M. |last3=Rozhdestvensky |first3=M. K. |last4=Borodin |first4=N. F. |last5=Kerzhanovich |first5=V. V. |date=1 March 1971 |title=Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |pages=263–269 |publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] |location=Moscow|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|volume=28 |issue=2 |bibcode=1971JAtS...28..263A }}</ref> In 1971, [[Mars 3]] became the first spacecraft to land on [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Perminov |first=V.G. |title=The Difficult Road to Mars – A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union |date=July 1999 |publisher=[[NASA]] History Division |isbn=0-16-058859-6 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111920/https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|34–60}} During the same period, ''[[Lunokhod-1|Lunokhod 1]]'' became the first [[space exploration rover]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |title=Lunokhod 01 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072547/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ''[[Salyut 1]]'' became the world's first [[space station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station |title=50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Russia had 172 active satellites in space in April 2022, the world's third-highest.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}</ref> Between the final flight of the [[Space Shuttle]] program in 2011 and the 2020 [[SpaceX]]'s [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|first crewed mission]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the [[International Space Station|ISS]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SpaceX successfully launches first crew to orbit, ushering in new era of spaceflight |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21269703/spacex-launch-crew-dragon-nasa-orbit-successful |work=The Verge |date=30 May 2020}}</ref> [[Luna 25]] launched in August 2023, was the first of the [[Luna-Glob]] Moon exploration programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia launches Luna-25 moon lander, its 1st lunar probe in 47 years |url=https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |work=Space.com |date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Russia}} [[File:Grand Cascade in Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhof Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]] According to the [[World Tourism Organization]], Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits.<ref name="unwto">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.6 |title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer English Version |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |year=2020 |volume=18 |page=18 |language=en |doi=10.18111/wtobarometereng |issn=1728-9246 |issue=6}}</ref> According to [[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)|Federal Agency for Tourism]], the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Выборочная статистическая информация, рассчитанная в соответствии с Официальной статистической методологией оценки числа въездных и выездных туристских поездок – Ростуризм |trans-title=Selected statistical information calculated in accordance with the Official Statistical Methodology for Estimating the Number of Inbound and Outbound Tourist Trips – Rostourism |url=https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=tourism.gov.ru |publisher=[[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)]] |language=ru |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202242/https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion.<ref name="unwto" /> In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Contribution-of-travel-and-tourism-to-GDP-percent-of-GDP|title=Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 1995–2019 |website=Knoema}}</ref> Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the [[Golden Ring of Russia]], a [[theme route]] of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Tomb |first=Howard |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/27/travel/getting-to-the-top-in-the-caucasus.html |title=Getting to the Top In the Caucasus |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 August 1989 |access-date=4 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> and journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112082549/http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2015 |title=Tourism Highlights 2014 |publisher=UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) |year=2014 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include [[Red Square]], the [[Peterhof Palace]], the [[Kazan Kremlin]], the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]] and Lake Baikal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vlasov |first=Artem |date=17 December 2018|script-title=ru:Названы самые популярные достопримечательности России|trans-title=The most popular sights of Russia are named |url=https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=[[Izvestia]] |language=ru}}</ref> Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling [[megacity]]. It retains its classical and Soviet-era architecture; while boasting high art, world class ballet, and [[Moscow International Business Center|modern skyscrapers]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/moscow/articles/moscow-travel-guide/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/moscow/articles/moscow-travel-guide/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=48 hours in... Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 March 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Saint Petersburg]], the Imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, [[White Nights Festival|white nights]], criss-crossing rivers and numerous canals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 June 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/travel/russias-white-nights-in-st-petersburg.html |title=White Nights of St. Petersburg, Russia |access-date=4 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the [[Russian Museum|State Russian]], the [[Hermitage Museum|State Hermitage]], and the [[Tretyakov Gallery]]; and for theatres such as the [[Bolshoi Theatre|Bolshoi]] and the [[Mariinsky Theatre|Mariinsky]]. The [[Moscow Kremlin]] and the [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] are among the cultural landmarks of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page