Russia Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Russia}} [[File:2019 Foto de família dos Líderes do G20.jpg|thumb|Putin with G20 counterparts in [[Osaka]], 2019]] Russia had the world's fifth-largest diplomatic network in 2019. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 [[member states of the United Nations|United Nations member states]], four [[List of states with limited recognition|partially-recognised state]]s, and three [[Member states of the United Nations#Observers and non-members|United Nations observer states]]; along with [[Russian embassies|144 embassies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |title=Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201012801/http://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia is one of the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|five permanent members]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. It has historically been a [[great power]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B|number=11|title=Russia as a Great Power, 1815–2007|date=20 May 2008|journal=Journal of International Relations and Development|volume=11|pages=128–151|doi=10.1057/jird.2008.7|s2cid=143792013|doi-access=free}}</ref> and a former [[superpower]] as the leading constituent of the former Soviet Union.<ref name="Reiman-2016"/> Russia is a member of the [[G20]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]]. Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fish |first1=M. Steven |author1-link=Steven Fish |last2=Samarin |first2=Melissa |last3=Way |first3=Lucan Ahmad |title=Russia and the CIS in 2016 |year=2017 |jstor=26367728 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |volume=57 |number=1 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |pages=93–102|doi=10.1525/as.2017.57.1.93 }}</ref> the [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sadri |first=Houman A. |title=Eurasian Economic Union (Eeu): a good idea or a Russian takeover? |jstor=43580687 |pages=553–561 |volume=81 |number=4 |year=2014 |journal=Rivista di studi politici internazionali |publisher=Maria Grazia Melchionni}}</ref> the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |title=What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=6 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412224018/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/01/06/what-is-the-collective-security-treaty-organisation |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |last=Tiezzi |first=Shannon |title=Russia's 'Pivot to Asia' and the SCO |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=21 July 2015 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704104451/https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/russias-pivot-to-asia-and-the-sco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[BRICS]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Cynthia |title=Russia's BRICs Diplomacy: Rising Outsider with Dreams of an Insider |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=42 |number=1 |pages=38–73 |jstor=40587582 |journal=Polity |date=January 2010|doi=10.1057/pol.2009.18 |s2cid=54682547 }}</ref> Russia maintains close relations [[Belarus–Russia relations|with neighbouring Belarus]], which is a part of the [[Union State]], a supranational confederation of the two states.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire |jstor=24907272 |journal=[[Foreign Policy Analysis (journal)|Foreign Policy Analysis]] |first=Kathleen J. |last=Hancock |volume=2 |number=2 |date=April 2006 |pages=117–136 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x |s2cid=153926665}}</ref> [[Serbia]] has been a [[Russia–Serbia relations|historically close ally]] of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1994 |jstor=40202977 |title=Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power |journal=[[Canadian International Council|International Journal]] |first=Lenard J. |last=Cohen |volume=49 |number=4 |pages=814–845 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi=10.2307/40202977}}</ref> India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong [[India–Russia relations|strategic and diplomatic relationship]] since the Soviet era.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |title=Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |first=Emily |last=Tamkin |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112225311/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/08/russia-india-relations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia wields influence across the [[geopolitics|geopolitically]] important [[South Caucasus]] and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nation |first=R Craig. |title=Russia and the Caucasus |journal=Connections |year=2015 |volume=14 |number=2 |pages=1–12 |jstor=26326394 |publisher=[[Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes]] |doi=10.11610/Connections.14.2.01|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanström |first=Niklas |title=Central Asia and Russian Relations: Breaking Out of the Russian Orbit? |journal=[[Brown Journal of World Affairs]] |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=101–113 |jstor=24590931|quote=The Central Asian states have been dependent on Russia since they gained independence in 1991, not just in economic and energy terms, but also militarily and politically.}}</ref> [[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|right|{{legend2|#3F48CC}} Russia<br /> {{legend2|#AA0000}} Countries on Russia's "[[Unfriendly Countries List]]". The list includes countries that have imposed [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|sanctions against Russia]] for its invasion of Ukraine.]] In the 21st century Russia has pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at securing regional dominance and international influence, as well as increasing domestic support for the government. Military intervention in the [[post-soviet states]] include a [[Russo-Georgian War|war with Georgia]] in 2008, and the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|invasion and destabilisation]] of Ukraine beginning in 2014. Russia has also sought to increase its influence in the [[Middle East]], most significantly through military intervention in the [[Syrian civil war]]. [[Cyberwarfare by Russia|Cyberwarfare]] and [[airspace]] violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feinstein |first1=Scott G. |last2=Pirro |first2=Ellen B. |title=Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs |journal=International Politics |date=22 February 2021 |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=817–834 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00285-5 |s2cid=231985182 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Russia's relations with [[Russia–Ukraine relations|neighbouring Ukraine]] and the Western world—especially the [[Russia–United States relations|United States]], the [[Russia–European Union relations|European Union]], the [[Russia and the United Nations|United Nations]] and [[NATO–Russia relations|NATO]]—have collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia|title=Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=24 February 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|quote=Ukraine has cut all diplomatic ties with Russia after President Vladimir Putin authorised an all-out invasion of Ukraine by land, air and sea.|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305163901/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/24/ukraine-breaks-diplomatic-ties-with-russia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Ilkka |title=Russia and the West |jstor=48573515 |number=12 |pages=112–119 |year=2018 |publisher=Center for International Relations and Sustainable Development |journal=Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development}}</ref> Relations between Russia and China have significantly [[Sino-Russian relations|strengthened bilaterally and economically]]; due to shared political interests.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolt |first=Paul J. |title=Sino-Russian Relations in a Changing World Order |year=2014 |volume=8 |number=4 |jstor=26270816 |pages=47–69 |publisher=[[Air University Press]] |journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]]}}</ref> [[Turkey]] and Russia share a complex [[Russia–Turkey relations|strategic, energy, and defence relationship]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Baev |first=Pavel |work=Russie.Nei.Reports |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales|Ifri]] |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |title=Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals |date=May 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |number=35 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027233151/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/baev_turkey_russia_2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia maintains [[Iran–Russia relations|cordial relations]] with Iran, as it is a strategic and economic ally.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tarock |first=Adam |title=Iran and Russia in 'Strategic Alliance' |volume=18 |number=2 |date=June 1997 |pages= 207–223 |journal=[[Third World Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |doi=10.1080/01436599714911 |jstor=3993220|s2cid=153838744 }}</ref> Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the [[Arctic]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181 |title=Russia in the Arctic – A Critical Examination |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411145458/https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/03/29/russia-in-arctic-critical-examination-pub-84181 |url-status=live }}</ref> Asia-Pacific,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunt |first=Luke |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/russia-tries-to-boost-asia-ties-to-counter-indo-pacific-alliances/6272006.html |title=Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> Africa,<ref>{{cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[BBC]] |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413235807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45035889 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Middle East,<ref>{{cite report |last=Cerulli |first=Rossella |title=Russian Influence in the Middle East: Economics, Energy, and Soft Power |jstor=resrep19825 |date=1 September 2019 |pages=1–21 |publisher=American Security Project}}</ref> and Latin America.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shuya |first=Mason |title=Russian Influence in Latin America: a Response to NATO |jstor=26696258 |volume=12 |number=2 |year=2019 |pages=17–41 |journal=[[Journal of Strategic Security]] |publisher=[[University of South Florida]] |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.12.2.1727|s2cid=199756261 |doi-access=free }}</ref> According to the [https://www.eiu.com/n/russia-can-count-on-support-from-many-developing-countries/ Economist Intelligence Unit], two-thirds of the world's population live in countries such as [[China]] or [[India]] that are neutral or leaning towards Russia.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Stengel |first1=Richard |title=Putin May Be Winning the Information War Outside of the U.S. and Europe |url=https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818141722/https://time.com/6179221/putin-information-war-column/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. 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