Pope John Paul II Warning: You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you log in or create an account, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.Anti-spam check. Do not fill this in! == Episcopate and cardinalate == === Call to the episcopate === [[File:Krakow - 06.jpg|thumb|left|19 Kanonicza Street in [[Kraków]], Poland, where John Paul II lived as a priest and bishop (now an [[Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków|Archdiocese Museum]])]] On 4 July 1958,<ref name="Vatican2" /> while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, [[Pope Pius XII]] appointed him as an [[auxiliary bishop]] of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to Warsaw to meet the [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of Poland, Cardinal [[Stefan Wyszyński]], who informed him of his appointment.<ref name="Rise" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=103}} Wojtyła accepted the appointment as auxiliary bishop to Kraków's [[Archbishop]] [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], and he received episcopal consecration (as titular bishop of [[Ombi]]) on 28 September 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop [[Bolesław Kominek]] (titular bishop of [[Sophene]]), auxiliary of the Catholic [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław|Archdiocese of Wrocław]], and Franciszek Jop, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz|Auxiliary Bishop of Sandomierz]] (Titular Bishop of [[Daulia]]). Kominek was to become Cardinal [[Bishop of Wrocław|Archbishop of Wrocław]]) and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław and then Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole|Opole]]).<ref name="Vatican2" /> At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland. In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a [[Midnight Mass]] on Christmas Day in an open field at [[Nowa Huta]], the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was without a church building.<ref>Weigel, George. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 151). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition.</ref> Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as ''Vicar Capitular'' ''(temporary administrator)'' of the Archdiocese until an [[archbishop]] could be appointed.<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="ShortBio" /> === Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events === From October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965),<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="Vatican2" /> where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the ''Decree on Religious Freedom'' (in Latin, ''[[Dignitatis humanae]]'') and the ''Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World'' (''[[Gaudium et spes]]'').<ref name="Vatican2" /> Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for ''Gaudium et spes''. According to the [[Jesuit]] historian [[John W. O'Malley]], the draft text ''Gaudium et spes'' that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Malley |first=John W. |title=What Happened at Vatican II |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-03169-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/204 204–205] |url=https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/204 }}</ref> According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of ''Gaudium et spes'' later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".<ref>{{cite book |last=Crosby |first=John F. |year=2000 |chapter=John Paul II's Vision of Sexuality and Marriage: The Mystery of "Fair Love" |title=The Legacy of Pope John Paul II: His Contribution to Catholic Thought |page=54 |publisher=Crossroad |isbn=978-0-8245-1831-8 |editor-last=Gneuhs |editor-first=Geoffrey}}</ref> He also participated in the assemblies of the [[Synod]] of Bishops.<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="ShortBio" /> On 13 January 1964, [[Pope Paul VI]] appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.<ref name="VaticanNewsService" /> On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the [[College of Cardinals]].<ref name="Vatican2" /><ref name="VaticanNewsService" /> Wojtyła was named [[cardinal priest]] of the [[Titular church|titulus]] of [[San Cesareo in Palatio]]. In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the [[encyclical]] ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and [[birth control|artificial birth control]].<ref name="Vatican2" /><ref name="Memory" /><ref name="HV" /> According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a letter around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the [[Polish–Soviet War]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher [[Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka]], the wife of [[Hendrik S. Houthakker]], professor of economics at [[Stanford University]] and [[Harvard University]], and member of President [[Richard M. Nixon|Nixon]]'s [[Council of Economic Advisers]]<ref name="Stourton">{{Cite news|last=Stourton|first=Ed|title = The secret letters of Pope John Paul II – BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35552997|website = BBC News|access-date = 15 February 2016|date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-letters">{{cite news|last1=Kirchgaessner|first1=Stephanie|title=Pope John Paul II letters reveal 32-year relationship with woman|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/pope-john-paul-ii-letters-reveal-32-year-relationship-with-woman|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=16 February 2016|date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2016" /> Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book [[Pope John Paul II bibliography|''Osoba i czyn'']] (''Person and Act''). ''Person and Act'', one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /> Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /> They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /><ref name="Panarama" /> When Wojtyła visited New England in the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /><ref name="Panarama" /> Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday in [[Pomfret, Vermont]], kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he had done in his beloved Poland.<ref name="Guardian-letters" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=103}} During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served [[Pope Paul VI]] as consultor to the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]], as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 [[apostolic exhortation]], ''[[Evangelii nuntiandi]]''.<ref>Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. "EVANGELII NUNTIANDI: PAUL VI'S PASTORAL TESTAMENT TO THE CHURCH". Eternal Word Television Network.</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page