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Do not fill this in! ==Controversies== [[File:Kirche Oberwiesenthal Kruzifixe.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lutheran]]s retained the use of the crucifix; depicted is Martin Luther Church in [[Oberwiesenthal]], Germany. ]] === Protestant Reformation === [[File:Wittenberg in winter 2005 47.jpg|left|thumb|300px|The [[Tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of ''Thesis Door'' at the [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg|Castle Church in Wittenberg]] depicts [[Martin Luther]] and [[Philip Melanchthon]] kneeling in prayer, facing the crucified Christ.]] In the [[Moravian Church]], [[Nicolaus Zinzendorf]] had an experience in which he believed he encountered Jesus.<ref name="Hubbard2019"/> Seeing a painting of a crucifix, Zinzendorf fell on his knees vowing to glorify Jesus after contemplating on the [[Five Holy Wounds|wounds of Christ]] and an inscription that stated "This is what I have done for you, what will you do for me?".<ref name="Hubbard2019">{{cite web |last1=Hubbard |first1=Jason |title=Story of the Moravians |url=http://lowpc.org/story-of-the-moravians/ |publisher=Light of the World Prayer Center |access-date=1 October 2020 |language=en |date=14 January 2019}}</ref> The Lutheran Churches retained the use of the crucifix, "justifying their continued use of medieval crucifixes with the same arguments employed since the Middle Ages, as is evident from the example of the altar of the Holy Cross in the Cistercian church of Doberan."<ref name="UOTB2014"/><ref name="MarquardtJordan2009">{{cite book|last1=Marquardt|first1=Janet T.|last2=Jordan|first2=Alyce A.|title=Medieval Art and Architecture after the Middle Ages|date=14 January 2009|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|language=en|isbn=9781443803984|page=71}}</ref> [[Martin Luther]] did not object to them, and this was among his differences with [[Andreas Karlstadt]] as early as 1525. At the time of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], Luther retained the crucifix in the Lutheran Church and they remain the center of worship in Lutheran parishes across Europe.<ref name="LyonsO'Connor2010">{{cite book|last1=Lyons|first1=Mary Ann|last2=O'Connor|first2=Thomas|title=The Ulster Earls and Baroque Europe: Refashioning Irish Identities, 1600-1800|year=2010|publisher=Four Courts Press|language=en|page=172}}</ref> In the United States, however, Lutheranism came under the influence of Calvinism, and the plain cross came to be used in many churches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinitycamphill.org/ArtsandMusic/Arts/ChristusRex/ChristusRex.htm |title=HOME |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801011650/http://www.trinitycamphill.org/ArtsandMusic/Arts/ChristusRex/ChristusRex.htm |archive-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In contrast to the practice of the Moravian Church and Lutheran Churches, the early [[Reformed Church]]es rejected the use of the crucifix, and indeed the unadorned cross, along with other traditional religious imagery, as idolatrous.<ref name="ObelkevichRoper2013">{{cite book|last1=Obelkevich|first1=James|last2=Roper|first2=Lyndal|title=Disciplines of Faith: Studies in Religion, Politics and Patriarchy|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=9781136820793|page=548|quote=The Calvinizers sought to remove the crucifix as idolatrous. There was considerable continuity, certainly, between the Lutheran use of the crucifix and the Catholic.}}</ref> [[John Calvin|Calvin]], considered to be the father of the Reformed Church, was violently opposed to both cross and crucifix.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Calvin|title=Institutes of the Christian Religion|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iii.xii.html?highlight=wood#highlight|access-date=12 November 2015|quote=Of what use, then, were the erection in churches of so many crosses of wood and stone, silver and gold,}}</ref> In England, the Royal Chapels of [[Elizabeth I]] were most unusual among local churches in retaining crucifixes, following the Queen's conservative tastes. These disappeared under her successor, [[James VI and I|James I]], and their brief re-appearance in the early 1620s when James' heir was seeking a Spanish marriage was the subject of rumour and close observation by both Catholics and Protestants; when the match fell through they disappeared.<ref>Tyacke, Nicholas in Lake, Peter and Questier, Michael C.; ''Conformity and orthodoxy in the English church, c. 1560-1660'', Boydell & Brewer, 2000, {{ISBN|0-85115-797-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-85115-797-9}}, pp. 29β32</ref> === Modern === In 2005, a mother accused her daughter's school in [[Derby]], England, of discriminating against Christians after the teenager was suspended for refusing to take off a [[crucifix necklace]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1504822/School-ban-on-girl-wearing-cross-%27discriminatory%27.html |title =School ban on girl wearing cross 'discriminatory'|work= The Telegraph |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913031447/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1504822/School-ban-on-girl-wearing-cross-%27discriminatory%27.html |archive-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, a chapel in a [[prison]] in England replaced its crucifix and static altar with a cross and portable altar when it was renovated as a multi-faith chapel. Right-leaning media reported that the crucifix had been removed "in case it offends Muslims".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3775702/Prison-chapel-not-to-have-a-crucifix.html |title = Prison chapel not to have a crucifix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219231822/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3775702/Prison-chapel-not-to-have-a-crucifix.html |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008 in Spain, a local judge ordered crucifixes removed from public schools to settle a decades-old dispute over whether crucifixes should be displayed in public buildings in a non-confessional state.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1446455.php/"War_of_crucifix%22_questions_Catholic_predominance_in_Spain__Feature__ |title = Monster and Critics |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903174347/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1446455.php/"War_of_crucifix%22_questions_Catholic_predominance_in_Spain__Feature__ |archive-date=3 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 18 March 2011, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled in the ''[[Lautsi v. Italy]]'' case, that the requirement in Italian law that crucifixes be displayed in classrooms of state schools does not violate the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=open&documentId=883171&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649| title = Press release of the European Court of Human Rights}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/resources/hudoc/lautsi_and_others_v__italy.pdf| title = Full text of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://religionclause.blogspot.com/2011/03/european-courts-grand-chamber-upholds.html| title = Summary of the ruling by the European Court of Human Rights| date = 18 March 2011}}</ref> Crucifixes are common in most other Italian official buildings, including [[law court|courts of law]]. On 24 March 2011, the [[Constitutional Court of Peru]] ruled that the presence of crucifixes in courts of law does not violate the secular nature of the state.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/peru-court-upholds-presence-of-crucifix-in-public-places/| title = Peru court upholds presence of crucifix in public places}}</ref> Summary: Please note that all contributions to Christianpedia may be edited, altered, or removed by other contributors. If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly, then do not submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource (see Christianpedia:Copyrights for details). Do not submit copyrighted work without permission! Cancel Editing help (opens in new window) Discuss this page